Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Instruction - Research Paper Example Education’s indispensable job in embellishment mankind makes it fundamentally be available for all. All administrations of the world are constrained to make instruction moderate for everybody. It is the commitment of the state to take essential measures to advance, secure and profit their residents the privilege to instruction. Nonetheless, regardless of the way that training as a privilege is recognized all around, a large number of individuals all through the world still couldn't seem to appreciate this right. As per Global Issues, almost a billion people entered the 21st century incapable to peruse a book or even simply sign their names. In the interim, UNICEF information uncovers that there are 121 M kids out of training around the world. In 2005, around 72 million grade school ages, wherein 57 percent were young ladies, couldn't examine. Beside these issues, training is seen to turn out to be more minimized in the years to come as governments everywhere throughout the wor ld will in general lessen if not remove their financial plan to instruction to adapt up to the worldwide monetary emergency. Given this circumstance, this paper will dig on the present circumstance of the instructive framework. How far have the legislatures of the world gone in making training open for the individuals? Or on the other hand are measures being taken by the administrations just bother the effectively genuine information of absence of instruction? Remarkable Features of Education According to the CESCR, there are four notable highlights of instruction to be specific: accessibility, availability, worthiness and versatility. For this paper, two significant highlights will be expounded. Accessibility implies that there ought to be sufficient quantities of instructive foundations and projects existing inside the locale of the State. These instructive establishments ought to follow sound specialized necessities to work successfully, from sanitation offices to prepared and ve ry much repaid educators. Another significant component of instruction is openness which implies that training must be delighted in by all without segregation. Availability was additionally depicted by the CESCR with three interrelated angles: non-separation which implies that training must be served most importantly to the most helpless areas of the general public; physical openness which guarantees that instruction is inside a sheltered and very much found; and financial availability which guarantees that training ought to be free for all, this likewise requires the State slowly begin free optional and advanced education (Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights). Instruction in danger Despite of the various worldwide shows and commitments in making sure about education’s openness to all, state obligation to training appears to have steadily decreased. Throughout the years, spending cut on instruction has been an overall wonder. In America, government funded educat ional system is being attacked with spending cuts. As indicated by the Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, at any rate 43 states have sliced help to open schools and colleges which decreased workforce and staff and therefore expanded education costs. Spending slices to K-12 training have likewise been actualized in at any rate 34 states in addition to the District of Columbia (Nicholas Johnson). To give some examples: In Minnesota, around 9,400 understudies will lose

Philosophical Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Philosophical Questions - Essay Example This paper will give four contentions that God exists. In the first place, one should call attention to one straightforward, yet rather significant reality: the confidence in divine forces has been known since the beginning of humankind; along these lines, this constant presence of the custom may be viewed as a circuitous sign of presence of God. Presence of mind proposes that there is no smoke without fire. On the off chance that there had not been any celestial force, a great many individuals around the globe couldn't just have envisioned it all of a sudden. Remembering that there was no correspondence between the gatherings of the early individuals, the very presence of strict factions may be viewed as a substantial proof that God exists. Is it conceivable that individuals have been confused with thousand or years around one of the most characterizing parts of their personality? It is somewhat difficult to have confidence in that. In this manner, the presence of strict convictions that goes back to the crude society might be an approp riate contention for presence of God. The second circuitous sign that God exist centers around our very lives. Ought not the last be viewed as a genuine supernatural occurrence? The procedure of ovum preparation by spermatozoid has not exclusively been concentrated in extraordinary subtleties, yet additionally shot. It might appear that science has hidden from the best riddle †the start of live. In any case, no researcher can call attention to that second when few cells become a living being. At the end of the day, science put forth a valiant effort to break down our general surroundings, yet it couldn't take a few to get back some composure of one of the basic forces †life. It would not be a slip-up to recommend that with no heavenly mediation the previously mentioned set of atoms would have never become a living animal. In this way, all the life forms on the planet are the living contentions for the presence of God. Another point that ought to be taken into

Argumentative Essay about Animal Testing

Argumentative Essay about Animal Testing Argumentative essay is the type of academic assignment that allows students to express his opinion and persuade readers of it. Argumentative essay against animal testing is a complicated topic that requires research. The subject has been discussed for decades and there are a lot of examples of animals taken for experimenting with drugs or products. An assignment has to be unique as long as so many people have already expressed their thoughts. A writers task is to find an interesting angle and look at the topic from a fresh perspective. The core of animal testing argumentative essay is a description of how animals help to test various medications sold to people, what benefits and disadvantage it has, and whether it is morally acceptable in writers opinion. An assignment has to include examples of animals testing. Providing results of testing and evidence will make the paper look professional. The key element of writing a decent argumentative essay on the topic is to avoid getting very emotional. The audience may include people who do not care about animals, therefore, a sad story about poor animals that get tested and sometimes get harmed may sound distinctive. Connect emotionally with all readers and listeners. Including facts is another important detail. Also, a writer should remember that too much persuasion can prevent people from reading a paper. So, the assignment should be first of all interesting and informative. Structure of argumentative essay about animal testing you should use Animals for testing their reaction to drugs is a very wide topic. Therefore, a good essay requires a well-crafted and logical structure. Like any college paper, it should include introduction, body, and conclusion. A well-structured paper is easy to read. Students need to know how to format an essay to make it look professional. Lets take a closer look at all parts of an essay and see what each part should describe. Introduction. The first part of argumentative essay outline on animal testing. The first sentence should be a “catch”. Start with a question or quote because it always grabs readers’ attention and defines whether they want to continue reading or not. Provide background information so the readers understand that the topic is real and not just your fantasy. The background information is needed to answer the questions: “Why is it important?” “Who cares?” “Why is it a problem?” A thesis is what concludes introduction paragraph and sends readers to the biggest part of an essay that is the body where a writer gives detailed information on the topic and evaluates his own opinion. A thesis should clearly state an authors position on the subject. The main idea should also appear in other paragraphs to make readers remember the whole idea of an essay. Body. This is the largest part of an essay where a writer has to develop his argument and contradict the opponents view. One of the main tips on writing argumentative essay on animal testing is choosing a unique argument that a writer can prove and support with evidence. For example, a strong idea describes animal testing as a positive development in medicine which helps to create and provide new drugs for patients who suffer from serious illnesses. The refutation of the opponents opinion can be an explanation why human lives are more important than animal ones. A lot of people disagree with testing drugs and products such as cosmetics on animals and there are a lot of negative opinions regarding this issue. A strong contradiction may describe that animals do not have conscious this is why people are superior to animals. Some statistics prove that more people are willing to sacrifice animal lives in order to save human lives. Humans are the ones who study and develop projects, therefore, people work on saving animal lives. Without the human, a lot of animals would live on streets, had nothing to eat, and die from diseases. The body part has to include from two to three supporting evidence. This will allow you to prove that you have done profound research. Use statistics and quotation to prove your point. Do not be lazy to start a project in advance and make research. The more sources you review, the richer paper you will write. Make sure you have at least one day to learn more about the subject, come up with ideas for an essay, and look for information given by experts. The more time you devote to researching a topic, the better result you get. Conclusion. The last part of an essay requires a writer to achieve two goals. The first one restates the significance of the topic. Conclusion example of argumentative essay on animal testing can look this way: “Life cannot be perfect. Some have to give away to make something better. Animal testing should carry on as it provides significant results that benefit future lives of humans.” This concludes the whole paper and makes readers think about the outcome of your research. The conclusion should not be very opinionated because the audience may consist of people who totally support you and those who are just open-minded to read your thoughts. This was the standard format of argumentative essay on animal testing that can be modified up to your teacher requirements. Take notes during the research. Cite valuable sources. Do not forget to review the paper and make sure there are no grammar or spelling mistakes. If you have an opportunity to give your paper for someone to read, do it. There may be some errors that can be found and you may receive a good tip on improving your assignment. Five steps of writing the animal testing essay by yourself We decided to provide step-by-step essay writing guide. It should simplify the understanding of how to start the project and do not get frustrated if you do such a task for the first time. Read recommendations on how to write an argumentative essay on animal testing outline, where to look for ideas, what questions have to be answered, and how to create a thesis. Use any source of information that will give you ideas on creating a paper. Review books and magazines, take information from the Internet and search for ideas in books that are related to the topic of animal testing. Medical sources, statistics, and tests data will be the most helpful. Remember that an essay should answer three main questions: “Why is it important?” “What caused it?” and “What can we do about it?” Those questions will help you to come up with arguments and give supportive facts to make information valuable. Creating a thesis can be a difficult part of an essay. Regarding this topic, you may use the thesis that says “Animal testing helps to study the effects of substances”. Once the thesis is read, the readers will start questioning an authors view and even doubting it. Therefore, a writer should prepare many facts and statistics to prove that his idea is valuable. Follow the outline for argumentative essay on animal testing. This will make the paper logical and thought-out. The assignment will look professional and allow readers to follow your ideas without losing focus on the subject. Avoid using slang and jokes because this is a serious topic that requires you to be a professional. A top-notch essay should not include idiomatic expressions and slang. It worsens the assignment and does not do you well. Use formal language to show your respect for the audience. How to choose the right topic to make an essay sound spectacular? When you start writing animal testing argumentative essay, it is important to choose the topic that you have a good understanding of. The animal testing subject raises a lot of questions. Review the list of topics that can help you to describe the issue as well as possible and propose your solutions to a problem. Hopefully, you will come up with some interesting ideas that will make the reader agree with you. Why are medical tests on animals important? Why is cosmetics more important than animal lives? Do animal feelings get affected during testing? What sort of animals can be used for testing? Do people have to refuse taking drugs to save animal lives? Order a custom argumentative essay on the topic online Writing an argumentative essay for the first time can be a challenging task. Animal testing is not an ordinary subject. Therefore, it requires deep research, finding facts, and the ability to contradict them and prove that your own idea has the right to be heard and taken into consideration. By ordering a custom essay on this complicated issue, a student has a chance to learn how to write an argumentative essay on animal testing and get a high grade. Professional writing assistance is the key to learn how to create various types of college papers and succeed.

Colonization in Kenya - 782 Words

Colonialism occurs when one nation takes control of another. Unfortunately, this is exactly what the British did to the Africans. The British took over their land basically without the Africans knowledge. Although the British created a more developed civilization with the many aspects they brought to Kenya, they greatly affected Africans economically, politically, socially and culturally. With that being stated, Kenya would not be the country it is this very day if it weren’t for the British colonizing the Africans. British colonialism drastically affected Kenya economically.The people of Kenya became more civilized and more developed (Doc 5). Instead of wearing traditional clothes, Africans wore more formal and appropriate clothes†¦show more content†¦Despite the confusion that colonialism brought, it introduced the people of Kenya to many new possibilities. Kenya was rapidly evolving. â€Å"Despite its many abuses, colonialism eliminated slavery, human sacrifice, and internecine warfare while providing opportunities for Africans with modern skills to rise socially and economically regardless ofShow MoreRelatedThe Colonization Of Uganda And Kenya1973 Words   |  8 Pages â€Æ' 1. Introduction The colonization of Uganda and Kenya is the reason why they are bilateral countries meaning they share many of the same interest such as political interest, economic interests etc†¦ Being colonized by the United Kingdom has affected their history forever, and has made it extremely difficult to be in the same state as the rest of the world but also allowed both countries to be close with each other as they shared the same experiences. As they gained their independence, they laterRead MoreImpact of British Colonization on Kenya1679 Words   |  7 PagesHistory Russell McGillivray Kenya The British colonization of Kenya destroyed the culture and economy of the native people, but it established a democratic government and left Kenya a more modernized country.[1] During the 1880’s through 1914, the start of WWI, was an age of imperialism. One place that felt victim to this imperialism was Africa. At this time Africa was a wholly unmodernized continent. The reason the Europeans went after Africa was the introduction of the idea ofRead MoreEffect of Colonization in Kenya1159 Words   |  5 Pageseffect of colonialism in Kenya This essay analyses the effect of colonialism in Kenya. It explains the depth of colonialism within Kenya’s context and analyses the impact of colonial conquest, the imposition of international and local administrative boundaries. It also examined further the lasting consequences of colonial economic and social policies concerning colonialism in Kenya. This essay gives more explanation that has to do with British colonialism in Kenya. Colonialism developedRead MoreThe Colonization Of Kenya Under British Rule And Its Outcomes That Made The Country Worse2541 Words   |  11 PagesColonization is when a country moves from its shores to set up settlements in areas already inhabited by a certain group of people and where resistance is of least concern in terms of war. This paper will first discus the colonization of Africa as well as how and why the Europeans came to Africa. It will then look at common problems that occurred due to the colonization and will specifically look into the colonization of Kenya under British rule and its outcomes that made the country worse. EvenRead MoreEuropean Imperialism And The Colonization Of Africa984 Words   |  4 Pages Amongst the 1870s and 1900, Africa confronted European imperialist hostility, political pressures, military assaults, and ultimately the conquest and colonization. At the same time, African civilizations put up numerous methods of resistance against t he effort to inhabit their countries and enforce foreign control. By the early twentieth century, however, much of Africa, except Ethiopia and Liberia, had been inhabited by European powers. The European imperialist drive into Africa was encouragedRead MoreNotes On The Committee Kenya African Union Essay979 Words   |  4 Pagesdrive out the white man and win self-government. After the construction of the Lunatic Express British colonization of Kenya skyrocketed, causing a division between white, well capitalized ranches Vs. small scale farmers. Tension between blacks and white grew due to the uneasy equilibrium, causing motivation for uneducated, poor, landless kenyans to fight the colonialist. Jomo Kenyatta help forum Kenya African Union (K.A.U.), the first effort to create a colony-wide African political organization whichRead MoreChange and Continuity Essay about Kenya951 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the time period 1850-1914, even though Britain imperializing, Kenya was, in tu rn, very beneficial for the inhabitants of Kenya. However, the direct rule of Britain put Kenya through a massive transition from being independent to being colonial dominant, in which the natives of Kenya had lesser rights than did before and were treated inhumanely. Before being imperialized, Kenya was already divided into forty-two tribes. The two main kinfolks to be known are the Masai and the Kikuyu. These tribesRead MoreColonization in Africa991 Words   |  4 PagesEuropean colonization effected Africa negatively, as it resulted in the continent being taken advantage of, people and resources exploited, and their economical standpoint being very low. By looking at Africa’s experience with the Berlin Conference and the effects it had, we can see how greatly the continent was negatively influenced. The Berlin Conference brought King Leopold II into Africa, but the world did not know that it would result in genocide of about 5,000 people in Sierra Leone. ContinuingRead MoreThe Long Term Effects Of Colonization1603 Words   |  7 Pagesthe world that have trouble with corruption; specifically; Kenya. Corruption has plagued Kenya since colonization when the British Empire took over in 1895, and has not lessened over time. The long term effects of colonization by the British is what caused Kenya to be as corrupt as it is today. Before such dishonesties ensued, there were several historical milestones that significantly impacted Kenya. One of them was the day Kenya gained their independence in 1963. There was a rebellion ledRead MoreEssay on The Magnificent African Cake913 Words   |  4 Pagesend of the distribution of African land in 1914, there only remained two countries that were not under European control. The main countries involved in the colonization of Africa included France, England, Portugal, Germany, and Denmark. The Portuguese colonization of Africa occurred in Mozambique and the main effects of this colonization were the economic problems for the Africans. For example, farmers were forced to grow cotton for export to Portugal, and the price of this cotton was fixed

Air Asia Strategic Analysis - 7334 Words

STRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF AIRASIA THE BEST LOW-COST CARRIER AIRLINES IN THE WORLD ASSIGNMENT FOR MICROECONOMICS FACULTY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MALAYSIA BY: IWAN BUDHIARTA P-46048 MALAYSIA – 2009 I. INTRODUCTION 1 A low-cost carrier (also known as a no-frills or discount carrier) is an airline that offers low fares but eliminates all â€Å"non-essential† services. The typical low-cost carrier business model is based on: – – – a single passenger class a single type of airplane (reducing training and servicing costs) a simple fare scheme (typically fares increase as the plane fills up, which rewards early reservations) free seating (which encourages passengers to board early) direct, point to point†¦show more content†¦Optimise routes and development of new secondary hubs †¢ Further enhance route network, venture destinations previously uncovered †¢ Yield enhancement due to benefits of maturity †¢ Ancillary expansion Stage 3 (we are here) Pursue regional expansion expanding business on existing platform (ancillary) †¢ Expand network to new countries †¢ Develop strategic partnership for mutual benefits †¢ Use strong brand to drive new business Stage 2 IPO Capital Raising and become publicly traded company †¢ Strengthen financial sheets †¢ Improve company credibility rating †¢ Ability to negotiate favourable terms with our suppliers Stage 1 Entry to mark et. Aggressive brand building recognition †¢ Introduction to theShow MoreRelatedAir Asia-Marketing Plan770 Words   |  4 Pages  AIR ASIA Executive Summary   Strategic management has played a key role in the success of many business organizations in the world including airlines and Air Asia is no exception. Commencing in 1996, within fifteen years, Air Asia managed to expand its operations into another ten countries. In addition, through its associate company AsiaX, it launched long-haul low-cost air services from Malaysia to Australia and the United Kingdom. This paper will look at the award winning Malaysian low cost carrier-Read MoreGlobal Low-Cost Airline Market To 2018802 Words   |  4 PagesThe report provides detailed market analysis, information and insights, including: Historic and forecast revenue of global low-cost airlines market covering 40 countries. Detailed regionwise (Americas, Asia-Pacific, Europe, Middle East Africa) analysis of low-cost airlines key performance indicators such as the number of seats available and seats sold, load factor, average revenue per passenger, total revenues, revenue generating passenger kilometers and passenger kilometers available forRead MoreAir Asia- Porters Five Forces866 Words   |  4 Pagesindustry by identify and analysis those five forces(appendix) and thus determine strengths and weaknesses of the industry. Those five forces are now used to determined Air Asia’s strengths and weaknesses which are shown as below: Threat of Entry There is a high barrier entering airlines industry since it requires high capital to set up everything such as purchase or lease air craft, set up office, hire staffs, and etc. Thus, this has reduced the treat to Air Asia. Moreover, brand awarenessRead MoreBusiness Strategy of Airasia1045 Words   |  5 Pages   Business Strategy Air AsiaCompany BackgroundAir Asia is  one of the companies that very successful in  adopting the cost leadership strategy as one of  their competitive advantages. Air Asia had  been established on 12 december 2001 with  Dato Sri TonyFernandez as the CEO.  As what the slogan says î€ now everyone can fly which actually attract thecustomers to buy the ticket and also  they offer a lot of  promotions to many destinations around asia andcustomers are chasing around in  getting their promotionsRead MorePestle Analysis Biman Bangladesh Airlines.Doc1580 Words   |  7 PagesPESTEL Analysis on Biman Bangladesh Airlines Introduction PESTLE an analysis is very important for case analysis political, economic, social, technological factor of any company. We have selected Biman Bangladesh airlines for doing Pestle analysis. So, this entire report will cover the importance of Pestle analysis and we will show how The pestle analysis of Bangladesh Airlines are flying. Biman Bangladesh airlines is the leading airlines Industry and oldest airlines industry in Bangladesh. WeRead MoreEvaluation Of Sia s Strategic Management And The Challenges Faced By Sia1497 Words   |  6 PagesEvaluation of SIA’s Strategic Management and the Challenges faced by SIA Analysing the macroeconomic environment is important to understand the impact of the organization (Philip Kotler, 1999). PEST analysis was used extensively to analyse the strategic management of an organization (Drucker, 2006) in which PEST stands for Political, Economic, Social and Technology. Tennent and Friend (2011) suggested an extension for this which is referred to as PESTEL which in addition to the above-mentioned aspectsRead MoreBlue Ocean Strategy in Air Asia1659 Words   |  7 Pagesover long periods of time. AirAsia approaches to prevent this occurring and to generate continued growth is to frequently re-assess its strategy so that they build strong businesses in the attractive industries of the future Company overview - Air Asia Berhad AirAsia’s leading airline was established with the dream that everyone can fly. Since 2001, the company has swiftly broken travel norms around the globe. It has risen to become the world’s best. With a route network that spans through moreRead MoreAir Asia: Strategic Management Report4189 Words   |  17 PagesAir Asia: Strategic management report Intoduction Air Asia was founded in 1993 and has since grown to be one of the biggest airlines in the world. It initially operated in Malaysia and currently operates in over 25 countries (Ricart and Wang 2005). It began operations in October 1996, operating out of Kuala Lumpur as its central location (Ricart and Wang 2005). The airline was bought by Tune Air in 2001 for one ringgit, the equivalent of 0.26 US cents, at a time when the company had $10.5 millionRead MoreAir Asia Swot Analysis1942 Words   |  8 PagesAIR ASIA 1. a) Air Asia’s vision: †¢ To be established as the leading low-cost carrier in the Asian region. AirAsia’s mission: †¢ A low cost airline carrier that offers five-star service with 95% of on-time performance. †¢ To be able to provide affordable airfares, at the same time promoting Malaysian hospitality and the local food. †¢ To focus on customer’s needs by stimulating demand and offers the lowest fares, comprehensive distribution channel and developing various products and services. AirAsia’sRead MoreAirbus Marketing Plan1019 Words   |  5 PagesEADS, a European airspace company 1 Marketing Plan - Agenda 1. Strategic analysis 2. Achievable Marketing Objectives for 2010 3. Yearly Action Plan Marketing Budget 4. Control Procedures Criteria of Success 2 Marketing Plan - Agenda 1. Strategic analysis 2. Achievable Marketing Objectives for 2010 3. Yearly Action Plan Marketing Budget 4. Control Procedures Criteria of Success 2 Strategic analysis 1.1 Business Trend Aviation is an important element in today’s world

Changing the Scope of Practice for All Nurses Free Essays

Changing The Scope Of Practice For All Nurses October 21, 2012 Changing The Scope Of Practice For All Nurses The Institute of Medicine and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation has proposed many changes take place in the field of education for nurses to assist in the Affordable Care Act to be a full success in transforming health care. They have published the report â€Å"The Future of Nursing Leading Change Advancing Health† recommending that the scope of practice for all nurses which include the registered nurse, advance practice nurse, certified nurse anesthetist, and the certified nurse midwife to be able to practice at their education and skill level through continuing competencies. Now it is up to all nurses to decide if changing the scope of practice for nurses is a good or bad idea. We will write a custom essay sample on Changing the Scope of Practice for All Nurses or any similar topic only for you Order Now This paper will show how changing the scope of practice will enable nurses to care for their patient more effectively. Nurses are going to have to step up to the plate, and show the whole world how important nursing is to providing health care to all people. And for the Affordable Care Act to truly change the health care system to better help the people and communities of the United States, the scope of practice for nurses will need to change to better meet the needs of the public. Education The Institute of Medicine report encourages nurses who graduate with an associate degree to continue on with their education to at least the baccalaureate level. Nurses at the baccalaureate level are then encouraged to continue on to the masters or doctorate degree. The different foundations and the federal government introducing funding opportunities and scholarships to students trying to find ways for schools and government to further nurse’s education to higher level to be more affordable (â€Å"The Future of Nursing† 2010. p. 177). It is important to stress the need to gain nurses with the knowledge to teach our future nurses. Nurses will also need to be involved in continuing education and continued competencies. Where nurses stay up to date with current practice and can demonstrate knowledge and skill in the practice (â€Å"The Future of Nursing† 2010. . 202). Also, equipping nurses with the skills and knowledge to take care of patients of today, who have more comorbidities than ever before. Equipping nurses with the knowledge and skill to not only preform the competency but understand the how and why it works, which will be a key factor in transforming health care. One proposal is that â€Å"Interprofessional educati on of physicians, nurses, and other health professionals, as well as new methods of improving and demonstrating competency throughout one’s career†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (â€Å"The Future of Nursing† 2010. p. 165). This will allow better communication, collaboration, and respect between everyone involved in patient care. The Institute of Medicine also discusses different ways to make nurses continuing their education more affordable. Primary Care The way primary care nurses deliver care to patients will change if the report by the Institute of Medicine is adopted. Most of the changes will affect the advanced practice nurses, by allowing them to practice to their full potential of knowledge and skill level. They will be able to take care of patients without having to have a physician on the premises or overseeing their work at all times. The Institute of Medicine gives an example where in Philadelphia there is a nurse managed health care center. This center is run by Nurses, Nurse Practitioners, and Social Workers. Other health care professionals help when needed like nutritionists, physicians, and others when needed. Places like this would be able to serve areas where there is little to no physicians available to meet the health care needs of the people who live there. Leadership By reading the report, â€Å"The Future of Nursing Leading Change Advancing Health†, it describes how important nurses are becoming stronger leaders for the future advancement of nursing. With all the changes coming with the Affordable Care Act, this report recommends that nurses need to be playing a large contributing roll in the development of policies to maintain patient centered health care, making sure that health care is accessible to all, and is affordable. Stronger leadership skills can be developed through continued education. By nurses moving on to higher degree education, they are thus developing the leadership skills they will need to work more cohesively with others both in the health care field and out. Nurses need to be playing a role in all aspects of policy making. From working in the hospitals and communities as advocates for patients which is defined as â€Å"The nurse is demonstrating the value of other-centeredness to advance the health of an individual† (Creasia Friberg, 2011, p. 80). Nurses will need to sit on boards both in the hospitals and in the public sector, legislating to political officials, and even possibly holding a political office themselves. It is going to take all nurses to make a change from nursing students to advance practice nurses, educators, and nursing organizations leadership (â€Å"The Future of Nursing† 2010. p. 221-251). Goals for Practice For the nursing scope of practice to change effectively, it will have to start in nursing school. Nursing students will need to start aiming toward a goal of higher education. Knowing they will need to be better prepared with the gained knowledge of continuing on to a baccalaureate, masters, or doctorate degree in nursing to be able to take care of the ever increasing health care needs. Nurses will need to maintain their knowledge and skill level for up to date practice through competency based learning throughout their career. They will need to be the future leaders in and out of the nursing profession. Each nurse knowing that nursing consists of many different aspects, making sure to help in the advancement of all future nurses. Some nurses choose to go into the clinical field, community nursing, education, advanced practice, research, legislation, specialty associations, and many more to further nursing profession and health care. In conclusion, by changing the scope of practice for nurses, they will be able to deliver patient care that matches their knowledge and skill level. This will allow more health care professionals mainly nurses, to practice in areas that have lacked sufficient health care providers to meet the needs of the public. The public will benefit from having nurse practitioners available in rural, suburban, and urban areas where physicians are scarce. Thus the public will have access to affordable, high quality health care to all who are in need. References Creasia, J. , Friberg, E. (2011). Conceptual Foundations the Bridge to Professional Nursing Practice. (5th ed. , p. 80). Retrieved from http://pageburstls. elsevier. com/books/978-0-323-06869-7 The Future of Nursing Leading Change, Advancing Health (2010). Retrieved October 13, 2012, from http://www. iom. edu/Reports/2010/The-Future-of-Nursing-Leading-Change-Advancing-Health. aspx. How to cite Changing the Scope of Practice for All Nurses, Papers

The Monstrous in Frankenstein free essay sample

Mary Shelley Frankincense or; The Modern Prometheus, published In 1818, is a product of Its time. Written in a world of social. Political, scientific and economic upheaval it highlights human desire to uncover the scientific secrets of our universe, yet also confirms the importance of emotions and individual relationships that define us as human, in contrast to the monstrous. Here we question what is meant by the terms human and monstrous as defined by the novel. Yet to fully understand how Frankincense defines these terms we must look to the etymology of them. The novel forever, defines the terms through Its main characters, through the themes of language, nature versus nurture, forbidden knowledge, and the doppelgà ¤nger motif. Shelley also shows us, In Frankincense, that although Juxtaposing terms, the monstrous being everything human Is not, they are also Intertwined, In that you can not have one without the other. There is also an overwhelming desire to know the monstrous, if only temporarily and this calls into question the influence the monstrous has on the human definition. We will write a custom essay sample on The Monstrous in Frankenstein or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Oxford English Dictionary (ODE) describes human as being Of, belonging to, or harmonistic of mankind, distinguished from animals by superior mental development, power of articulate speech, and upright posture. (ODE). The term monstrous Is described as The condition or fact of being abnormally developed or grossly malformed. (ODE) Yet, we as humans define ourselves not just on biological terms but socially and spiritually too. In Frankincense the Monster, who by his very label and beginnings implies a perfect example of monstrosity is, in fact, articulate and erect yet is still not considered human In the traditional sense.It Is his eventual virtual and social malformation that fully defines him as monstrous. Even as language plays a huge part in the definition of human, as taken from the ODE, the narration, and thus language, in Frankincense also helps to define the terms monstrous and human. As the monster discovered, language is Intertwined with culture (Brooks 594). He is on the side of nature, a deformed creature of appearance, and upon catching sight of his reflection understands not to show himself to the cottagers, of whom he yearns to win the love of, for fear of them fleeing (595). He is excluded but learning the means. Which to be Included (595) with language. It Is the novels stark definition of monstrosity through physical appearance not through acquisition of language that starts the catalyst for corruption of the Monster spiritually and mentally. Yet, the monstrous can not be easily classified through physical appearance alone. The age old debate of nature versus nurture is a theme that runs strongly through the novel. Shelley defines human and monstrous through examining the nurturing relationships of the characters, for Frankincenses lack of parental role with his creation, Is monstrously neglectful.We see Caroline, Frankincenses Mother, nurturing Elizabeth, his sister, back to health, in which his Mother looses her own life 1 OFF The De Lackeys nurturing home also becomes a source of nurturing love for the Monster, as he begins to return their love, and complete truly human acts of kindness towards them; for instance; leaving firewood and clearing snow in the winter (Shelley 83). Each nurturing act contrasts strongly with Frankince nses monstrous neglect of the Monsters needs.Although Frankincense receives the human quality of love in all its forms, from his family and friends, he never fully gives t in return, so obsessed is he with his creation. However, the Monster easily gives his love to the cottagers and through his expressed wish for companionship shows that his capacity for love is great. He requires love in order to become less monstrous, but as he is a monster, love is denied him. (Dates 546). Shelley is thus blurring the lines between the definitions of monstrous and human by questioning if monstrous is when one is unable to be loved or unable to give love.On the outskirts of scientific and moral forbidden territory roams the monstrous Cohen 3) Patrolling the boarders with striking images of what may happen if we ever crossed them. Robert Walton, the frame narrator, and Frankincense are connected through this desire to cross the borders, either physically into a region that may bring death, or through discoveries in science that bring moral monstrosities. These characters are another example of how Shelley definitions of the terms human and monstrous are intertwined in Frankincense. Frankincenses relentless pursuit to cross into the forbidden destroys lives, the opposite of what he was trying to achieve. Conversely, Walton wisely takes the path that Frankincense refused, returning home when reaching the boundary of almost certain destruction, in his quest for the North Pole. Shelley allows us to see, through the frame narration of Walton and his epiphany to return home, that Frankincenses hubris pursuit of knowledge leads to his downfall. l trod heaven in my thoughts, now exulting in my powers, now burning with the ideas of their effectsOh! My friend, if you had known me as I once was, you would not recognize me in that state of degradation. (Shelley 167) Walton sees that Frankincenses quest for knowledge, his isolation from those who love him, led to the destruction of himself and those he loved and so turns back from the brink of his own destruction. However, it is only after Frankincense dies, that he fully accepts that it is the right decision, as if the monstrous in Frankincense can be defined as an influence on human actions.Not only does the monstrous protect against the unknown, it stands along side of us, representing something other to ourselves (Cohen, 6). Traditionally the term human could be defined through monstrous being everything human is not. Just as the Monster in Frankincense kills William, Justine (although not directly), Elizabeth and Cleaver he does not view it as murder, but as Justified revenge against his creator. Have a care: I will work at your destruction, not finish until I desolate your heart, so that you curse the house of your birth. (Shelley 1 11). This defines the monstrous as being able to roam outside the boarders of moral convention. However, Frankincense puts a human persona on the definition of monstrous, we see the Monster yearning to be human; he learns language and craves love, and conversely Frankincense as extraction of them all. Again, Shelley interweaves the definitions of the two terms through showing that the monstrous is human and the conventional definition of human can incorporate monstrous.The strong bond found between Frankincense and his Monster is traditionally known as the doppelgà ¤nger effect (Dates 550), where a living person has a ghostly double haunting him. Here Shelley illustrates that the definitions of monstrous and human are often Just parodies of each other. The Monster represents Frankincenses dark side and Frankincense is the creatures haunting darkness, both denying the other peppiness. They are inextricably entwined with each other, often resembling that of a mind which is torn over a dec ision; running backwards and forwards from each other, never coming to a safe conclusion. When considered as one person, the combination of Frankincense and his Monster represents a true definition of human. To express and express and experience that of love and to be loved, Joy and compassion, to feel and express the full range of emotions from love of humanity to the need for hateful revenge, desire for knowledge, happiness and fear of death. Frankincense, defines the terms human and monstrous through questioning what constitutes them.Love, compassion, a sense of Justice defines human yet these same qualities can be found co-existing along side the monstrous. They are terms that represent good and evil but unlike the clear cut definition of good and evil Frankincense shows us that the human and monstrous are interchangeable. As shown in Frankincense, our fascination for the monstrous leads us to be influenced by it. So although we define human as being everything the monstrous is not, the monstrous is also part of the definition of human.

Three Domain System

Three Domain System The Three Domain System, developed by Carl Woese, is a system for classifying biological organisms. Over the years, scientists have developed several systems for the classification of organisms. From the late 1960s, organisms had been classified according to a Five Kingdom system. This classification system model was based on principles developed by Swedish scientist Carolus Linnaeus, whose hierarchical system groups organisms based on common physical characteristics. The Three Domain System As scientists learn more about organisms, classification systems change. Genetic sequencing has given researchers a whole new way of analyzing relationships between organisms. The current system, the Three Domain System, groups organisms primarily based on differences in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) structure. Ribosomal RNA is a molecular building block for ribosomes. Under this system, organisms are classified into three domains and six kingdoms. The domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. The kingdoms are Archaebacteria (ancient bacteria), Eubacteria (true bacteria), Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. Archaea Domain This domain contains single-celled organisms known as archaea. Archaea have genes that are similar to both bacteria and eukaryotes. Because they are very similar to bacteria in appearance, they were originally mistaken for bacteria. Like bacteria, Archaea are prokaryotic organisms and do not have a membrane-bound nucleus. They also lack internal cell organelles and many are about the same size as and similar in shape to bacteria. Archaea reproduce by binary fission, have one circular chromosome, and use flagella to move around in their environment as do bacteria. Archaea differ from bacteria in cell wall composition and differ from both bacteria and eukaryotes in membrane composition and rRNA type. These differences are substantial enough to warrant that archaea have a separate domain. Archaea are extreme organisms that live under some of the most extreme environmental conditions. This includes within hydrothermal vents, acidic springs, and under Arctic ice. Archaea are divided into three main phyla: Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, and Korarchaeota. Crenarchaeota include many organisms that are hyperthermophiles and thermoacidophiles. These archaea thrive in environments with great temperature extremes (hyperthermophiles) and in extremely hot and acidic environments (thermoacidophiles).Archaea known as methanogens are of the Euryarchaeota phylum. They produce methane as a byproduct of metabolism and require an oxygen-free environment.Little is known about Korarchaeota archaea as few species have been found living in places such as hot springs, hydrothermal vents, and obsidian pools. Bacteria Domain Bacteria are classified under the Bacteria Domain. These organisms are generally feared because some are pathogenic and capable of causing disease. However, bacteria are essential to life as some are part of the human microbiota. These bacteria preform vital functions, such as enabling us to properly digest and absorb nutrients from the foods we eat. Bacteria that live on the skin prevent pathogenic microbes from colonizing the area and also aid in the activation of the immune system. Bacteria are also important for the recycling of nutrients in the global ecosystem as they are primary decomposers. Bacteria have a unique cell wall composition and rRNA type. They are grouped into five main categories: Proteobacteria: This phylum contains the largest group of bacteria and includes E.coli, Salmonella, Heliobacter pylori, and Vibrio. bacteria.Cyanobacteria: These bacteria are capable of photosynthesis. They are also known as blues include Borrelia burgdorferi (cause Lyme disease) and Treponema pallidum (cause syphilis). Eukarya Domain The Eukarya domain includes eukaryotes or organisms that have a membranes include algae, amoeba, fungi, molds, yeast, ferns, mosses, flowering plants, sponges, insects, and mammals. Comparison of Classification Systems Five Kingdom System: MoneraProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimalia Archaea Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya Domain Archaebacteria Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia Kingdom Three Domain System As we have seen, systems for classifying organisms change with new discoveries made over time. The earliest systems recognized only two kingdoms (plant and animal). The current Three Domain System is the best organizational system we have now, but as new information is gained, a different system for classifying organisms may later be developed.

Ace the Interview Behavioral Nurse

Ace the Interview Behavioral Nurse As in most medical fields where prior experience is required, behavioral nurse interview questions will ask you to provide specific examples from your previous positions. You want to have anecdotes at the ready to show your interviewer that you’re competent, knowledgeable, and well-prepared to join their staff. Describe a situation in which you recently had to handle a difficult and demanding patient.This question is designed to assess your interpersonal skills and ability to resolve conflict. Prepare an anecdote that illustrates your excellent communication skills- including verbal persuasiveness and strong listening abilities, interactions with patients and families, understanding patient needs, explaining treatments, and displaying empathy. Avoid characterizing a patient in an overly negative or in a resentful way, and be careful not to compromise confidentiality.Describe a decision you had to make quickly regarding a patient.For this question, the interviewer will be asses sing  your judgment. Talk them through your decision-making process as you evaluated a memorable  situation and the criteria you used to make a decision. Be able to report back on the appropriateness of your actions in light of the outcome.Tell us about a time where you disagreed with a colleague over the management of a patient.This question is designed to identify your ability to work as part of a team, deal with colleagues maturely, draw on your own internal resources and department protocols for conflict resolution, practice active listening and information gathering, and then your ability to reflect and discuss what you learned from the experience. Avoid expressing anything stronger than a professional difference of opinion with the colleague in question.What changes have you contributed to established practices to improve patient care?If you’re asked this question in an interview, the interviewer is looking at your ability to take initiative, go beyond your routine, think critically and proactively about patient care protocols, and exercising excellent judgment about their implementation. It’s also likely you had to work closely with colleagues to get your changes implemented- be ready to highlight the valuable aspects of that process as well.And finally, four questions that all evaluate essentially the same abilities:Tell me about a challenging problem you faced in your previous job. How did you deal with it?Nursing work often involves a number of daily frustrations. Tell me about some of the frustrations you have dealt with recently.Take me through a typical day in your previous job.How do you manage high stress situations? Give me an example.These last questions test to see if you have an alert mind, evolved stress-management skills, the ability to reflect and assess daily responsibilities, and a degree of self-awareness. Make sure you have specific stories you can reference that showcase the best of your abilities. Practice with a f riend to get low-stakes exposure to how you’ll feel on your actual interview day.Good luck!

Social Marketing Campaign for Youth Gangs Assignment

Social Marketing Campaign for Youth Gangs - Assignment Example This essay declares that the proliferation of gangs is a national and local issue. The young ages of gang members and resulting individual and collective deviant behaviours make them a particular national concern. The basic age range of gang members is between 12 and 24 years, with the average ages of 17 and 18 years. These are children who should be studying in school and being moulded by society to reach for their dreams and upmost potentials. Instead, they are engaging in deviant and criminal behaviours. States and local communities also experience a rising incidence of gang membership. This paper makes a conclusion that in Atlanta, International Robbing Crew and 30 Deep are two of the largest gangs. They are mostly involved in drugs and robberies. The literature on the social context of gang membership contains numerous contradictions. Albert Cohen advances a subculture theory that seeks to explain why the youth join gangs. In particular, a gang provides them the opportunity to belong, to develop their sense of masculinity, to do something that is â€Å"valuable†, or to fight middle-class society and authority follows the study of psychologist Erik Erikson to understand gang membership. Erik Erikson argues that identity is a â€Å"developmental phenomenon† shaped by the social conditions and internal developmental processes. A social and cultural background that provides for the identity formation process and helps adolescents achieve their human identity needs is beneficial to a robust identity formation.

EUROPEAN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

EUROPEAN BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT - Essay Example But the relationship between the trade activities and economic development is more complex than it seems because it can’t be said for sure that improved trade activities will definitely lead to economic growth of the nation, although there are numerous evidences which support the nexus between economic development and prosperity and improved business activities. An open economy supports the relationship between economic growth and improved trade activities (Europa-a, n.d.). All of the members of the Europe Union were aware of the relationship between economic growth and trade activities as they were benefited from the free trade affairs between the EU nations which not only supported their trade activities but also enhanced their economic growth. Since the initiation of the integration process, European nations have maintained their enlargement policy which significantly impacted the economic conditions of the member nations. It was also perceived that in the near future whate ver changes are introduced in the EU regulations and policies, it’s going to have a direct impact on the economic and trade performances of the current and upcoming members of the Europe Union. From the primal stages of development of European Union as Single Market, the intra industrial trade activities have remained prominent. This has supported the new members to adhere themselves to the community by making minor adjustments in their overall industrial structure (Frias & Iglesias, 2004, p.55). The integration process of European nations had started during 1940s and has developed significantly since then. However, several events have interrupted their process of integration. Such phases are popularly known as the phases of crises and scarcity of economic resources resulting from events of wars and economic turmoil. These unstable conditions lead to changes in the policies of EU which was tailored to resist the consequences. Considering these

Argument Against Charles Darwins Theory of Evolution Essay -- Natural

Charles Darwin proposed the theory of evolution to explain the origin, diversity and complexity of life. I will will disprove evolution by showing that natural selection only explains small evolutionary changes, collectively known as microevolution. Natural selection cannot drive large evolutionary changes, macroevolution. I will also show that the primordial soup, in which life supposedly evolved, did not exist. Neo-Darwinism incorporates the discoveries of modern science into Darwin's original theory while leaving the basic beliefs intact. Darwin proposed that individuals with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. Darwin called this process natural selection. Darwin did not understand how or why variation existed. Today scientists realize that variation arises through random changes (called mutations) to existing genes. Genes are the chemicals that determine the traits and characteristics of animals and plants. Every trait has one or more gene associated with it. Thus, natural selection provides the animals and plants with the best genes. Supporters of neo-Darwinism believe that natural selection operating upon random variation gave rise rise to all animals and plants. While the source of variation is random, the direction of evolution is not. In effect, natural selection removes chance, and it makes the theory of evolution plausible. If neo-Darwinism is correct then nu merous small successive changes guided by natural selection gave rise to all animals and plants. I will prove that natural selection is not a creative process. Its primary function is to preserve the status quo. Thus, new structures and organs must arise through chance. Natural selection can only preserve and optimize these new structures and organs after they evolve through chance. In other words, natural selection does not drive evolution, and the hypothesis on which neo-Darwinism is based is flawed. Natural selection drives microevolution. Microevolution is defined as evolution involving small changes. Microevolution does not require the evolution of new structures or organs, Therefore, microevolution does not involve the creation of new genes. Changes to existing genes (mutations) result in variation. Natural selection acts on this variation and preserves the best. So while the variation may be random, the process of microevolution is not. Natural... ...ific experiments can not test macroevolution, there is no direct evidence to suggest that the processes behind microevolution can also bring about the evolution of new structures or genes. In other words, microevolution should not be extended to support macroevolution. While punctuated equilibria may save evolution from the fossil record, it cannot save the theory from the more serious flaws. For example, the success of evolution is based entirely upon the ability of scientists to use microevolution to justify macroevolution. What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution? Microevolution does not require new structures or organs. Macroevolution does. This implies that microevolution does not create new genes whereas macroevolution requires new genes. Two things should be clear from the examples offered above: 1.) Microevolution can bring about very large changes. 2). It is easy to make the same mistake that Darwin made. That is microevolution can accomplish a lot, so why not use it to explain macroevolution? For these reasons explained above, how can any person with a sound mind still believe in the outlandish fairy-tale that is called evolution?

Banquet Scene

Context of the scene: A banquet has been set. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth enter as King and Queen of Scotland, followed by their court – amongst the noblemen in attendance are Sir Ross and Sir Lennox. As Macbeth walks among the company, the first murderer appears at the doorway. Macbeth speaks to him for a moment, learning that Banquo is dead, but Fleance has escaped. This scene, commonly known as the Banquet Scene, is quite an important scene in the play because it’s a turning point in Macbeth’s life. Indeed, this is simultaneously the high point of Macbeth’s reign and the beginning of his downfall.In a first part, we’ll explore the duality of Macbeth’s character, and show how full of oppositions this scene is. And in a second part, we’ll see how this slowly becomes the beginning of the end for Macbeth. 1. Duality & Opposition This scene depicts a clear picture of Macbeth’s confusing state of mind. We indeed get a lot of diffe rent reactions from him throughout this scene, reactions that are just as sudden as they are opposite. First of all, the arrival of the courtiers and the murderers almost simultaneously shows clearly the duality of Macbeth as King and criminal.It is as if these two sides of him are present in the same room, personified by the noblemen and the murderer. At first, Macbeth is pleased with the news he just received and the murderer, praising him and telling him he is â€Å"the best,† â€Å"the nonpareil† (without equal); moreover, Macbeth's own supposed invincibility is shown: â€Å"I had else been perfect;/ Whole as the marble, founded as the rock,/ As broad and general, as the casing air†. He is the King and he clearly feels like nothing and nobody can stop him anymore. He feels powerful.But on hearing the unwelcome news that Fleance has escaped his treachery, Macbeth's language abruptly changes: â€Å"But now I am cabin'd, cribbed, confin'd, bound in / To saucy doubts and fears. † (25–26). The alliteration of the hard c sounds reveals Macbeth's sense of constraint, in contrast to the freedom and power which he claims to have enjoyed previously. It plunges him back into insecurity. Then Lady Macbeth intervenes and brings him back to reason and the banquet itself. Returning to his guests, Macbeth goes to sit at the head of the royal table but finds Banquo’s ghost sitting in his chair.Horror-struck, Macbeth starts speaking nonsense to the ghost, which is invisible to the rest of the company: â€Å"Which of you have done this? † The guests, confused by his behavior, think that he is ill: â€Å"What, my Good Lord? / Gentlemen rise, his Highness is not well. † Lady Macbeth makes excuses for her husband, saying that he occasionally has such â€Å"visions†: â€Å"my Lord is often thus/ And hath been from his youth/; she then tell them they should simply ignore Macbeth, because acknowledging his behavior wo uld offend him: ‘The fit is momentary, upon a thought/ He will again be well. She then draws Macbeth aside and attempts to calm him by asserting that the vision is merely a â€Å"painting of [his] fear†Ã¢â‚¬â€just like the â€Å"air-drawn dagger† he saw earlier (60). She once again questions his manhood to try to snap him out of his trance: â€Å"Are you a man? † Ignoring her at first, Macbeth continues to address the ghost and charges him to speak but it disappears. After Lady Macbeth scolds him for being â€Å"unmanned in folly† (73), Macbeth finally recovers, returning to his guests and claiming that he has â€Å"â€Å"a strange infirmity which is nothing / To those that know me† and which they should ignore (85).As with the ethereal dagger, the ghost of Banquo appears to come and go, propelling Macbeth into alternating fits of courage and despair. Lady Macbeth tries to soothe her husband. In contrast to the urgent horror of Macbeth's ad dresses to the gruesome apparitions are moments of comparative calm. Each time the ghost vanishes, Macbeth's relief is recorded in softer, more lyrical expression, for exemple when he says later on in the scene: â€Å"Can such things be / And overcome us like a summer's cloud, / Without our special wonder? † (112–114).So the entire structure of this scene shows a man swinging from one state of mind to another, recalling the structure of the earlier dagger speech. Lady Macbeth, on the other hand, remains constant in her judgment. Unlike Macbeth, she cannot see the ghost, and her tone is typically pragmatic and down-to-earth: â€Å"When all's done, / You look but on a stool. † She appears to want to calm his rages, but anger simmers beneath her conciliatory words. It is unclear whether Banquo’s ghost really sits in Macbeth’s chair or whether the spirit’s presence is only a hallucination inspired by guilt.Macbeth, of course, is thick with super natural events and characters, so there is no reason to discount the possibility that a ghost actually stalks the halls. Some of the apparitions that appear in the play, such as the floating dagger in Act 2, scene 1, and the unwashable blood that Lady Macbeth perceives on her hands in Act 4, appear to be more psychological than supernatural in origin, but even this is uncertain. These recurring apparitions or hallucinations reflect the sense of metaphysical dread that consumes the royal couple as they feel the fateful force of their deeds coming back to haunt them. So, serie of oppositions: in Macbeth’s behavior itself; in characters (Macbeth # Lady Macbeth); and opposition reality/surnatural. 2. The downfall of King Macbeth The news of Fleance’s escape angers Macbeth: if only Fleance had died, he muses, his throne would have been secure. Instead, he’s now waiting for the time Fleance will come back to seek revenge: â€Å"The worm that’s fled / Hath natu re that in time will venom breed† (28–29). Throughout Macbeth, as in many of Shakespeare’s tragedies, the supernatural and the unnatural appear in grotesque form as omens of wickedness, moral corruption, and downfall.Macbeth’s bizarre behavior puzzles and disturbs his subjects, confirming their impression that he is mentally troubled. Despite the tentativeness and guilt she displayed in the previous scene, Lady Macbeth here appears surefooted and stronger than her husband, but even her attempts to explain away her husband’s â€Å"hallucination† are ineffective when paired with the evidence of his behavior. The contrast between this scene and the one in which Duncan’s body was discovered is striking—whereas Macbeth was once cold-blooded and confident, he now allows his anxieties and visions to get the best of him.The rich banquet, a symbol of great orderliness and generosity, now becomes a hellish parody of itself. Instead of Mac beth sitting â€Å"in the midst,† dispensing his largesse as he would wish, his throne has been usurped by the bloody apparition of his former friend. Macbeth's language reflects this change. The ghost, so hideous that it would â€Å"appall the devil,† appears to have risen from a grave or a â€Å"charnel-house. † Three times Macbeth sees the ghost, and three times he appears to recover his senses. This alternating structure adds strongly to the impression of Macbeth's loss of control.The short scene is dominated by the repeated word â€Å"blood† and by the idea that a tide of murder has now been initiated which Macbeth is powerless to stop. As noted previously, it is here that the downward spiral picks up pace. Macbeth, having harvested the benefits of his regicide, is beginning to see the down side of his actions. He is seen publicly as a madman, a fact reinforced by his wife's comments that the fit witnessed has been an illness of long standing. Macbet h also refers to ‘tomorrow' (133), indicating to the audience that there is more reckoning to come.Once he sees the ghost, his image as King is changed, tarnished with questions of madness. Macbeth  begins to question his sanity, he can't believe his eyes, yet he cannot look away from Banquo's ghost. In front of his dinner guests, he acts in an unstable, irrational manner. At this point, King Macbeth has lost some of the respect and admiration of his court. His subjects do not look at him the same way after this scene. Macbeth begins the slow descent into madness after this scene, losing his ability to control the future, something that he has killed to achieve.

Building A Successful Division I Collegiate Basketball...

Chapter VI Program Development Introduction When building a successful Division I collegiate basketball program, there are many facets that need to be developed. These facets can include, concise communication, team policies and procedures, encouraging a strong work ethic, character development, and numerous other parts of a team environment. Being dedicated to the cause is imperative to develop belief in the system from the players and coaching staff. The team has to have buy-in to themselves and each other as to the purpose of the program. Once everyone has committed themselves to the program, team and system, success on and off the court will begin. Organization Excellent communication is key to the success of any program. In order to have an efficient program, all members of the department have to communicate effectively. Whether it be the coaches, players, athletic trainers, athletic directoChapter VI Program Development Introduction When building a successful Division I collegiate basketball program, there are many facets that need to be developed. These facets can include, concise communication, team policies and procedures, encouraging a strong work ethic, character development, and numerous other parts of a team environment. Being dedicated to the cause is imperative to develop belief in the system from the players and coaching staff. The team has to have buy-in to themselves and each other as to the purpose of the program. Once everyone has committed themselvesShow MoreRelatedShould College Athletes Be Paid? Essay1593 Words   |  7 Pagesathletic revenue in a variety of ways. If the NCAA is seriously worried about the schools that aren t making money, the association could institute a revenue-sharing program that would distribute the money more equitably.† (Huma, 2014). 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I Choose Civilization Because I Wanted A Better Understanding

I choose Civilization because I wanted a better understanding of how Niall Ferguson came up with his book. And a better understanding on why people think the west is the best. In the book it starts out with China and how the ming dynasty was the might of China. And how the Chinese constructed the forbidden city not only was its a relic it also shows how it was once the greatest civilization. With the construction of the forbidden city China began to decline. The reason for the decline was that they didn t want to take part in foreign commerce. I can understand why they didn t want to back then with the chance of them being taken over by other nations. It would seem to be a good idea to not take part however the decline in commerce†¦show more content†¦Science in the west was used more for military conquer then it was for intellect. What is now part of Berlin was part of a military background in the Prussian society. Most of their building had a place for the military to stay . Science is used in war in the time the Prussians went to war with the west in a sense the west was in a war with itself. There was a man named Benjamin Robins that was a self taught mathematician that came up with the science of how artillery was used with the air resistance. The killer application of science gave the west accuracy of artillery. With the application of science the west began to dominate the world and others began to ask why. Most believed it to be because they actually put an effort into finding out how the weapons fired and the trajectory of the bullet. The killer application of property the west began to explore and went to find other land that is when they found America. It was at first just a experiment for the Europeans and there was only one winner. The reason why the united states is dominant is because of the english that wanted a better life instead of living in poverty. In fact the spaniards were more dominant with south america the the english were with the united states only because they had gold. The spaniards thought they had it good with their land at first till they heardShow MoreRelatedI Am An Architect With The Valley Civilization1451 Words   |  6 PagesI am an Architect with some handsome professional experience in my field. Running as a thread through different things I realized that â€Å"Architecture† is not just designing healthy buildings; it is a connection between the individual buildings to â€Å"emotional-infrastructure† like our parks, our roads, public buildings, walkways and many more. From the beginning, I was very much interested in understanding the relationship between urban form and trust. As I believe that the way we design our cities hasRead MoreBig History : A New Form Of History1190 Words   |  5 Pagesand colleges across the country. 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The thing is we could not identify with what God was doing for us even when the human race was inRead MoreStatement of Purpose for My Bachelors Degree at University of Roskilde560 Words   |  3 PagesI am interested to apply for the bachelor’s degree program in natural science in university of Roskilde starting in 2014. I did my secondary education in Gateway College Kandy, Sri Lanka and graduated on 2013. I have completed my secondary education in EDXCEL O/L (ordinary Level) majoring in Biology, Human biology, Chemistry, Physics, Business and Communication, Information and Technology, Geography and Mathematics. For my EDEXCEL A/L (Advanced Level) I majored in Biology, Mathematics, ChemistryRead More Transitions of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment Periods1675 Words   |  7 PagesEnlightenment, philosophes challenged beliefs formerly held by the church and government by insisting that human reason would lead to the solution of all problems. 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Realizing that the major importance of historyRead MoreEssay on Heart of Darkness1208 Words   |  5 Pagesend of his speeches like a seal applied on the words to make the meaning of the commonest phrase appear absolutely inscrutable, (89) is an example of how Conrad literally compares entities within the work to generate a general correlation of understanding . As a way of placing emphasis on those things that are significant in the work, the author will use a proficient amount of repetition. Joy, fear, sorrow, devotion, valour, rage-who can tell?-but truth-truth stripped of its cloak of timeRead MoreA Interview On The Teenage Years Are A Complicated Time For Anyone1319 Words   |  6 Pagesduring this difficult time; others find the time less difficult. To get a better understanding of this process, I conducted a series of in-depth interviews with some friends about their rite of passage. 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Ways in Which the French Revolution had a Lasting Impact...

‘Libertà ©, à ©galità ©, fraternità ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢: the motto that France uses to this day and first came about as a result of the French Revolution. This in itself shows that the revolution had a major impact on France. It played a significant role in changing France through, for example, the new definition of nationalism, the abolition of the monarchy and the abolition of feudalism. Whether these changes succeeded in modernising France or resulted in something that was not any better than pre-revolutionary times is what will be discussed in more detail using the above three examples. Nationalism did exist, to a certain extent, in pre-revolutionary France, and ‘it played an important role in the Revolution itself’ (O’Brien, 1988:18) but it only had a real†¦show more content†¦The reason for wanting the abolition of the monarchy could not have arisen without this idea of nationalism. It no longer seemed feasible for the French to have power directed to one person only, if they wanted to achieve what their motto attributes to a new, modernised France. The king, realising this, had fled to take refuge with other kings, possibly, as O’Brien suggests, to make war on the nation. Therefore it seemed necessary to capture the king, and put an end to the monarchy. However, soon after, a Napoleonic empire had formed which proved to be no better than France with a monarch, as power was concentrated within the empire. This empire was ‘not quite what either original Revolutionaries or convinced republicans expected’ (Best, 1988:1 05) but it was accepted all the same because it allowed the people of France more rights than they previously had, and they believed that Napoleon was only in this position to help the nation, better persuaded through rhetoric. However it was only after Napoleon surrendered that France became a true Republic, and so the revolution is still considered to be a reason France is currently a Republic, therefore the abolition of the monarchy did contribute to modernising France. Another thing which could not have arisen without the idea of nationalism was the abolition of feudalism, which was seen as a great achievement to France as it finally allowed someShow MoreRelatedEssay On The French Revolution And American Revolution1370 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican and French Revolutions are both unforgettable historical events that have made a substantial and severe impact on the present-day society. The American Revolution was an influential time period, lasting from 1774-1783, where the 13 British colonies in the Americas rebelled against the rule of Great Britain for independence. The French Revolution was a period of chaos from 1789 to 1799, where the people of France tried to overthrow their monarchy, King Louis XVI. 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The British government was threatened by the French Revolution because they saw what wasRead MoreThe Enlightenment s Influence On The French Revolution885 Words   |  4 PagesMaheera Syed The Enlightenment’s Influence on the French Revolution No one could have imagined the impact that the Enlightenment would have and its long-lasting effect. The Enlightenment and its ideas became so widespread that they did not only affect France, but many other countries also. The French Revolution was directly inspired and influenced by the Enlightenment. Revolutionaries in France built their cause around the ideals of the Age of Reason. Reason, reform and modernity took hold mainlyRead MoreThe French Revolution And The American Revolution1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe French Revolution is often recognized as one of the most significant events in French history. The revolution was caused by a series of events leading to uproar from the French people demanding change. 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Microsoft 70-680 Study Guide Free Essays

70–680 Notes Chapter 1 (pg. 45) Windows Vista Improvements * New Improved Desktop – Windows Aero * Windows Sidebar – Sidebar with gadgets * Improved Windows Firewall – Restrict OS resources if used in unusual ways * Parental Controls – Set specific sites, set times for specific users * User Access Control (UAC) – Security features that allow standard users to perform administrator functions through credential prompt * Windows Search – Search files or applications quickly from anywhere in Vista. Real time search * Live Icons – With Windows Aero, you can preview applications by hovering over them with your mouse Windows 7 Improvements * Windows 7 Editions: Starter, Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, Enterprise, Ultimate * Windows 7 Taskbar – Pin applications to taskbar / no Quick Launch * Jump Lists – Right click Word go to Recent Documents, right click taskbar icon * New Preview Pane – Preview text, music, picture, HTML, video, Office (w/ Office) and PDF (w/ Adobe) files * Windows Touch – Support for touch screen Windows XP Mode – Windows XP in Virtual PC to run XP applications * Simple Home Networking (HomeGroups) – HomeGroups are just an easier way to set up a network. We will write a custom essay sample on Microsoft 70-680 Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now All versions are supported but Starter and Home Basic can’t create HomeGroups * Device Stage – Shows a picture of a compatible connected device, supports Bluetooth and Wireless as well * View Available Networks (VAN) – Shows the networks available (wireless as well) in the notification tray * Internet Explorer 8 – Faster and more efficiently with new search features, address bars, and favorites * Instant Search – Quickly access search requests without typing in the entire search criteria. Uses browser history as well to narrow down the suggestion) * Accelerators – shortcuts (search for an address and able to view the map next to the link). * Web Slices – Instances on a website that you can access without the need of accessing the site itself * Aero Peek – Allows you to look at a window while other windows are transparent * Aero Snap – Allows you to snap windows side by side * Aero Shake – You can shake a window and have all other windows minimize * AppLocker – Prevents unauthorized software from running via policy. 86 (32–bit) vs. x64 (64–bit) * 32–bit processor supports up to 4GB RAM (Starter – 2GB) * 64–bit processor supports up to 16 exabytes of RAM * Professional, Enterprise, Ultimate: 192GB * Home Premium: 16GB * Home Basic: 8GB * Starter: Not Supported in x64 bit Windows 7 Upgrade Paths Vista requires SP1 before upgrading to Windows 7 * Vista Business = 7 Professional, Enterprise, Ultimate * Vista Enterprise = 7 Enterprise * Vista Home Basic = 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, Ultimate * Vista Home Premium = 7 Home Premium, Ultimate Vista Ultimate = 7 Ultimate * 7 Home Basic = 7 Home Premium, Professional, Ultimate * 7 Home Premium = 7 Professional, Ultimate * 7 Professional = 7 Ultimate * 7 Starter = 7 Home Premium, Professional, Ultimate Disk Space Partitioning * The System Partition – The system partition and the boot partition can be on the same partition. The system partition contains the files needed to boot the Windows 7 operating system. The system partition contains the Master Boot Record (MBR) and boot sector * The Boot Partition – The boot partition contains the files that are the Windows 7 operating system files. By default, the Windows operating system files are located in a folder named Windows. The partition must be marked as Active to boot * Primary Partition – A hard drive can have up to 4 primary partitions, or 3 primary partitions with one extended partition * Extended Partition – Storage volumes on an extended partition cannot be used to start the operating system Performing a Clean Install of Windows 7 Collect Information – Windows 7 gathers your local time, location, keyboard, license agreement, installation type, and installation disk partition * Install Windows – This is where the installation copies Windows 7 files to the HD and the installation is completed. This is the longest phase * Set up Windows – This phase you set up your username, computer name, pass word, product key, and security settings along with reviewing the date time Troubleshooting with Installation Log Files The action log includes all of the actions that were performed during the setup process and a description of each action. These actions are listed in chronological order. The action log is stored as Windowssetupact. log * The error log includes any errors that occurred during the installation. For each error, there is a description and an indication of the severity of the error. This error log is stored as Windowssetuperr. log Creating a bootable USB * Connect the USB and go to command prompt Diskpart list disk (identify the USB) select disk X (where X is the number that represents the USB) clean create partition primary (size in MB) select part (partition number) format fs=fat32 quick active (MUST do) exit * Copy windows 7 installation DVD to the USB device User State Migration Tool (USMT) (downloadable with WAIK) * ScanState. exe (source computer)  œ Collects user data and settings information based on the configuration of the Migapp. xml , Migsys. xml , and Miguser. ml files and stores it as an image file. (Documents, Videos, Music, Pictures, Desktop, Start Menu, Quick Launch Toolbar, IE Favorites, ACLS) * LoadState. exe (destination computer) – Deposits the information that is collected to a computer running a fresh copy of Windows 7 USMT will not migrate hardware settings, drivers, passwords, application binaries, synchronization files, DLL files, or other executable files Windows Easy Transfer (migsetup. exe located in DVDSupportMigwiz) * To use with XP, XP must have Service Pack 2 Transfers User Accounts, Folders and Files, Program Settings, Internet Settings, Favorites, Emails, Contacts and settings * Transfer methods include Easy Transfer Cable (USB Cable), CD/DVD, Network Share, Removable USB, Direct Network Connection * Located in All Programs Accessories System Tools Windows Easy Transfer (windows 7 only) * Windows Easy Transfer will not transfer encrypted files, they must be decrypted first or Windows Easy Transfer will stop Multiboot/Dual–Boot Support Only Windows NT4 (w/ SP4) and up can recognize NTFS file systems * To dual boot with Windows 9x, disk compression must be turned off * Windows 7 encrypted files will not show on Windows NT4 * Bcdedit utility is used to edit boot options in the BCD store Network Access Protection (NAP) NAP is a compliancy checking platform that is included with Windows Server 2008, Windows Vista, Windows 7, and Windows XP with SP3 Chapter 2 (pg. 104) Choosing Automated Deployment Options * Microsoft Deployment Toolkit (MDT) 2010 Administrative tools that allow for deployment of desktops and servers through the use of a common console * Zero Touch installation (ZTI) – Requires no user intervention but requires that Microsoft System Center Configuration Manager (SCCM) 2007 with the OS Deployment Feature Pack is available on the network, also requires SQL server * Lite Touch Installation (LTI) – Lets you distribute images with a small degree of user intervention and can be used when no other distribution tools are in place * To deploy Windows 7 or Server 2008, SCCM 2007 SP2 is required * To deploy previous versions, SCCM 2007 SP1 will work but cannot use Deployment Workbench to maintain the MDT database, SP2 preferred * UDI Wizard Designer allows you to enter a Welcome message text that will be displayed on the welcome screen * Thick image – Includes applications and windows updates right in the system image * Thin image – Minimal system image, often operating system only * Applications and updates are installed either manually or through the use of some other software management system such as SCCM 2007 * Hybrid image – Combination of thin and thick image types * Unattended installation * Unattended installations utilize an answer file called Autounattend. xml * You can use the Windows 7 DVD with an answer file on the root of the DVD, floppy disk, or USB drive * To automate batch files, scripts, programs and commands after deployment, use the GuiRunOnce section in Sysprep. inf. The files must be saved in the same folder as sysprep. inf Windows Automated Installation Kit (WAIK) Centrally manage volume activations by using Volume Activation Management (VAMT) * Can only be installed on Windows Vista w/ SP1 and up * Microsoft Deployment Toolkit – Allows an administrator to easily deploy and configure Windows operating systems and images * Application Compatibility Toolkit – This allows administrators to help solve issues to where applications that ran on previous versions may not work properly * Application Compatibility Manager – A SQL server–based tool that collects application information from existing computers * Compatibility Administrator – A set of application compatibility fixes that have already been verified to allow application s to work under Windows 7 * IE Compatibility Test Tool – Tests websites compatibility with IE8 * Setup Analysis Tool – Monitors application installers to test compatibility * Standard User Analyzer – Determines if an app will have problems with UAC * Microsoft Assessment and Planning (MAP) Toolkit – Locates computers on a network and then performs a thorough inventory of them * System Preparation Tool (Sysprep. exe) Used to prepare a computer for disk imaging, and then the disk image can be captured using ImageX – A new imaging management tool included in Windows 7 * Strips away security identifier (SID), event logs, and any other unique system information * Located in %windir%System32sysprep directory * Activation can be reset unlimited amount of times for Key Management Service (KMS) clients, and only up to 3 times on a non–activated KMS client * Must be part of workgroup, not domain. If joined, Sysprep will remove from domain * If files a re encrypted, Sysprep will make the files unreadable and corrupt * Log File Locations Generalize pass – %WINDIR%System32SysprepPanther * Specialize pass – %WINDIR%Panther * Unattended Windows setup actions – %WINDIR%PantherUnattend * Windows System Image Manager * You can validate existing answer files against newly created images * You can include additional applications and device drivers in the answer file * You can create and edit answer files through a GUI * Answer files must have the name â€Å"Autounattend. xml† Using the Windows Preinstallation Environment * Windows PE – Sets the Windows PE specific configuration settings, as well as several setup settings such as partitioning, formatting the HD, selecting an image, and applying a product key Typically, you use copype. md script in the C:Program FilesWindows AIKToolsPETools to create the local Windows PE build directory Then you use the Oscdimg Windows AIK tool in the same subdirectory to c reate an ISO image of Windows PE 3. 0 You use this image to create a bootable DVD of Windows PE * Creating a bootable Windows PE Image 1. Cd â€Å"C:Program FilesWindows AIKToolsPETools† 2. Win AIKToolsPEToolsCopype. cmd x86 or x64 destination such as C:winpe_x86 3. C:winpe_x86 copy winpe. wim ISOsourcesoot. wim 4. C:winpe_x86 copy â€Å"C:Program FilesWindows AIKToolsx86imagex. exe† C:winpe_x86iso 5. C:winpe_x86 Oscdimg –n –b c:winpe_x86eftsboot. com C:winpe_x86iso C:winpe_x86winpe_x86. iso 6. Once logged on, type â€Å"net start† to do any network deployment installation ImageX ImageX is a command–line tool that enables OEM and corporations to capture, modify, and apply file–based disk images for rapid deployment * ImageX is ran from WinPE * Wimscript. ini is used to exclude specified files and folders when capturing an image * To have ImageX detect Wimscript. ini, Wimscrip. ini must be saved in the same folder as ImageX Windows Deployment Services (WDS) * Updated version of Remote Installation Services (RIS) * Auto–Add policy makes the administrative approval required before clients that are not pre–staged can have an install image * Must be configured with the Preboot Execution Environment (PXE) boot files, the images to be deployed, and the answer files * Must be part of a network with AD, DNS, and DHCP Supported on Windows Server 2003 and 2008 * Requires one NTFS partition * Install image – Operating system image that you deploy to the client computer * Boot image – Windows PE image into which you boot a client before you load the install image * WDSUTIL command line tool can pre–stage a client computer Deployment Image Servicing and Management Tool (DISM) * Configure and edit images such as enabling or disabling windows features, upgrading an image to another windows edition, add, remove, enumerate packages/drivers, configure international settings, and implement powerful logging features * Supports Windows Vista with SP1 up * DISM Commands /mount–wim – Mounts the WIM file so that it is available for servicing (/WimFile:image_name /index:index number (1) † /MountDir:C:folder) * /commit – Applies the changes you made to the mounted images (/mountdir:path_to_mount_directory) * /remount–wim – Recovers an orphaned WIM mount directory (/mountdir:path_to_mount_directory) * /cleanup–wim – Deletes all resources associated with a mounted WIM that has been abandoned * /get–wiminfo – Displays information about the images wi thin the WIM (/WimFile:image_name) * /get–mountedwiminfo – Lists the images that are currently mounted and information about he mounted image * /add–driver – Adds driver to the specified image file (dism /image:C: estoffline /add-driver /driver:C:driver. nf or /driver:C:drivers /recurse /forceunsigned) * /get–packages – Lists the packages in the wim (dism /image:C: estoffline /get-packages) * /remove–package – Removes package from image * /remove–driver – Removes specified driver from image * /apply–unattend – Applies unattended answer file (/apply-unattend:C:answerfile. xml) * /add-package /packagepath (msu file) – Adds package to mounted image (/add-package /packagepath:C:Test. cab) * /get-featureInfo /featurename – Gets the information from the feature specified * /enable-feature or /disable-feature – Enables or disables feature specified * /get-TargetEditions – Use thi s to find out which higher editions you can set the edition to be * /apple-unattend – Applies an autounattend. xml file to an image Microsoft Assessment and Planning (MAP) Toolkit MAP is a utility that will locate computers on the network and then perform a thorough inventory of them. * MAP uses Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI), Remote Registry Service, and the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) * Advises you of any available upgrades for hardware and drivers * Supports Windows XP Professional, Windows Vista w/ SP1 up * Requires SQL Server 2005 Express Edition, Microsoft Word/Excel 2003 w/ SP2 or 2007 Chapter 3 (pg. 150) File Systems * NTFS * NTFS can have volume size up to 16TB with 4KB clusters or 256TB with 64 clusters * Windows 2K uses NTFS 3. 0 Windows XP, Vista, 7, and Server 2003 uses NTFS 3. 1 * FAT32 * FAT32 can have volume size up to 32GB and does not support local security, encryption support, disk quotas, or compression * All windows editions can detect FAT32 * Maximum file size is just under 4GB * Maximum volume size is 32GBDynamic disk * Supported by Windows 2K, XP, Vista, 7, Server 2003, and Server 2008 and allows storage to be configured as volumes * Supports up to 2K dynamic volumes per disk * Speed improved by striping across multiple disks * Reliability improved by mirroring data across multiple disks * Simple Volume * Nothing but a single volume on a dynamic disk * Spanned Volume Consists of disk space on two or more dynamic drives; up to 32 dynamic drives * Data is written sequentially, filling space on one physical drive at a time * You do not need to allocate the same amount of space on each drive * No performance increase * If one disk fails, all goes out * Striped Volume (RAID 0) * Stores data in equal stripes between two or more (up to 32) dynamic drives * Used by administrators when wanting to combine the space of several physical drives into a single logical drive and increase disk performance * If one drive goes out, all striped volume is lost * Consists of space from two or more dynamic drives * GUID Partition table (GPT) GPT disk partitioning s ystem uses the GUID Partition Table to configure the disk * GPT header and partition table is written to both front and back of disk for better redundancy * Allows a volume size larger than 2TB (256TB max) and up to 128 partitions * Includes Cyclical Redundancy Check (CRC) for greater liability * GPT drive can only be converted if the disk is empty and unpartitioned Using the Disk Management Utility The MMC console contains three panes: a console tree on the left, a details pane in the middle, and an optional Actions pane on the right. There are three MMC Modes are: * User Author Mode – Full Access * Gives the user full access to window management commands, but they cannot add or remove snap–ins or change console properties * User Mode – Limited Access, Multiple Window Allows users to create new windows but not close any existing windows. Users can access only the areas of the console tree that were visible when the console was last saved * User Mode – Li mited Access, Single Window * Allows users to access only the areas of the console tree that were visible when the console was last saved, and they cannot create new windows * Managing Administrative Hard Disk Tasks * View disk properties, view volume and local disk properties, add a new disk, create partitions and volumes, upgrade a basic disk to dynamic disk, change a drive letter and path, delete partitions and volumes On a dynamic disk, you manage volume properties. On a basic disk, you manage partition properties. On volume/disk properties, the Security and Quotas tab will only appear in NTFS volumes. The Previous Versions tab is from System Restores. Only Administrators can install a new drive. Any basic partition can be converted to a dynamic disk but only formatted space can be converted to a GTP disk Once a volume is extended, no portion of the volume can be deleted without losing data on the entire set, but you can shrink it * Disk Management Status Codes * Online – Indicates that the disk is accessible and that it is functioning properly (Default) * Online (Errors) – Used only with dynamic disks. Indicates that I/O errors have been detected. Possible fix is to right click reactivate disk which will only work if the I/O rrors were temporary * Healthy – Specifies that the volume is accessible and functioning properly * Healthy (At Risk) – Used to indicate that a dynamic volume is currently accessible but I/O errors have been detected on the underlying dynamic d isk * Offline or Missing – Used only with dynamic disks indicating that the disk is not accessible. Causes are disk corruption or hardware failure. If the disk was originally offline and then changed to missing, it indicates that the disk has become corrupted, powered down, or disconnected * Unreadable – This can occur on dynamic or basic disks. Indicates the disk is inaccessible and might have encountered hardware errors, corruption, or I/O errors or that the system disk configuration database is corrupted * Failed – Basic or dynamic disks specifying that the volume can’t be started. Can be damaged disk or corrupted file system * Unknown – Used with basic and dynamic disks if the boot sector for volume is corrupted or no disk signature is created for the volume * Incomplete – Occurs when you move some, but not all, of the disks from a multi disk volume * Foreign – Occurs if you move a dynamic disk from any OS (besides Windows 7) to a Windows 7 computer. It’s caused because the configuration data is unique to computers where the dynamic disk was created. Right click Import Foreign Disks Disk Compression If you copy or move a compressed folder or file to a FAT32 partition, Windows 7 automatically uncompresses the file or folder. The only way to cancel an NTFS conversion prior to reboot is to edit the registry setting for HKLMSystemCurrentControlSetControlSessionManager to autocheck autochk *. Conversions cannot be reversed * Compact CLI Utility – Offers you more control over file and folder compression than Windows Explorer (such as with a batch script or for files that only meet specific criteria) * /c – Compresses the specified file or folder * /u – Uncompresses the specified file or folder * /s:dir – Used to specify which folder should be compressed or uncompressed * /a – Displays any files that have been hidden or system file attributes * /i – Indicates that any errors should be ignored * /f – Forces a file to be compressed * /q – Used with reporting, to report only critical information * /? – Displays help Encrypted File System For Windows 7 computers that are part of a Windows Server 2008 AD domain, the domain administrator user account is automatically assigned the role of DRA * For Windows 7 computers that is installed as stand–alone computers or if the computer is part of a workgroup, no defaul t DRA is assigned and all access to the files will be lost * To begin, create a recovery agent and assign it a password using the commands below Then import the certificate in Group Policy by navigating to the GP and right clicking Encrypting File System Add data recovery agent * Cipher command filename * /E – Specifies that files or folders should be encrypted. Any files that are subsequently added to the folder will be encrypted * /D – Specifies that files or folders should be decrypted. Any files that are subsequently added to the folder will not be encrypted * /S:dir – Specifies that subfolders of the target folder should also be encrypted or decrypted based on the option specified * /I – Causes any errors that occur to be ignored. By default, the Cipher utility stops whenever an error occurs * /H – By default, files with hidden or system attributes are omitted from display. This option specifies that hidden and system files should be displayed * /K – Creates a new certificate file and certificate key * /R:recoveryagent – Used to generate a recovery agent key and certificate for use with EFS (recovery agent works AFTER using the command) * /X – Used to back up the EFS certificate and key into the specified file name Understanding Redundant Array Independent Disk (RAID) In RAID, you can only recover from a single disk failure. If multiple disks fail, RAID will no longer be an option * RAID 0 (Striped Volume) * No data recoverability but used for better performance * Requires a minimum of two hard disks and these two works as a single volume. Because of this, they use their own read/write heads, giving better performance * If either disk is lost, you lose the entire striped volume. Best for temp files or noncritical data * Writes data from disk to disk back forth * RAID 1 (Mirroring) * Allows two disks to mirror each other * If you lose one of the disks, you can boot to the second disk (the mirror) to recover data * More expensive than other RAID options * RAID 5 Volume * Stripe set with party Uses a minimum of 3 disks (max of 32 disks) that works as one volume * Uses a parity bit, which allows you to recover data in event of hard disk failure * Writes data back forth from disk to disk Chapter 4 (pg. 203) Virtual memory is â€Å"overflow† memory for RAM. When memory is filled, the oldest data in RA M gets put into virtual memory. This way the system does not need to look at an entire hard drive for that data. It goes straight to the virtual memory for it Registry Keys * HKEY_CURRENT_USER – Configuration information for the user who is currently logged on to the computer. It’s a sub key of HKEY_USERS key * HKEY_USERS – Configuration information for all users of the computer * HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE (HKLM) – Computer hardware configuration information. This computer configuration is used regardless of the user who is logged in * HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT – Configuration information used by Windows Explorer to properly associate file types with applications * HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG – Configuration of the hardware profile that is used during system startup Configuring Remote Connections * Remote Assistance – Provides a method for inviting help by IM, email, file, or now Easy Connect * EasyConnect – Uses Peer Name Resolution Protocol (PNRP) to set up direct peer–to–peer transfer using a central machine on the Internet to establish a connection. PNPR uses IPv6 and Teredo tunneling to register a machine as globally unique. After the option is selected and the network connectivity is verified, PNRP will put the user’s information into a cloud in the internet space. The user’s contact information is entered into the PNRP cloud and an associated password is created and displayed to the user. The user relays the password to the remote assistance helper. The user waits for the expert to send the request and then have to accept the connection * Remote Desktop – Windows 7 is using the latest version of RDP, RDP 7. 0 New features includes: RDP Core Performance Enhancements, True Multi–Monitor Support, Direct 2D and Direct 3D 10. 1 Application Support, Windows 7 Aero Support, Bi–directional Audio Support, and Multimedia and Media Foundation Support * Virtual Private Network – Allows a public network to connect to a private network. Tunneling protocols include (greatest security to least): * IKEv2/VPN Reconnect (Internet Key Exchange) – Supports IPv6 and NAT–friendly. Supported in Windows 7 Server 2008 R2 * Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol (SSTP) – Newest of the tunneling protocols when tunneling with Server 2008. SSTP allows encapsulated PPP packets to be transmitted over an HTTP connection. SSTP is the best choice for secure VPN connections. Supported in Vista SP1 up * Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) – Tunneling protocol that has no encryption included. L2TP uses IPSec to make L2TP secure. Supported in Windows 2K up * Point–to–Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) – One of the predecessors to SSTP and also allows PPP packets to have encryption for secure connections. PPTP uses TCP/IP for encryption. Supported in Windows 2K up Configuring Mobile Computing Sleep power state – Combines the speed of standby with the features of hibernation mode * Sleep – New power state introduced with Windows 7 that combines the features of hibernate and stand by. When a computer enters the sleep power state, data in cluding window locations and running applications is saved to the hard disk, and the computer is put in a low power–saving state Configuring Power Plans * Commands * Powercfg –devicequery wake_from_any – Allows you to query the devices that can wake the computer up * Powercfg –energy – Creates an energy policy report to energy–report. html in the command it was run * Powercfg –export export_name GUID – Exports a power plan * Powercfg import filename GUID – Imports a power plan * Balanced – Provides a balance between power savings and performance * By default: Display turns off after 20 minutes, puts computer to sleep after 1hr idle time * Wireless adapters set to maximum performance * Power Saving – Optimized for power savings * By default: Display and hard drive turns off after 20 minutes inactivity * High Performance – Provide maximum performance for portable computers * By default: never enters sl eep mode, but display turns off after 20 minutes * Multimedia settings are configured with the â€Å"Allow the Computer to Enter Away Mode†, which allows the computer to enter a new power state called Away Mode. Away mode configures the computer to look asleep but remains accessible for media sharing ReadyBoost ReadyBoost allows for the use of multiple nonvolatile flash memory devices and as an additional memory cache. When the physical memory devices become full on a computer with ReadyBoost configured, data is written to the flash device instead of to the hard drive. This improves performance because data can be read faster from flash devices than from the hard drive. ReadyBoost tab is displayed on the device properties dialog that can be used to configure ReadyBoost * ReadyBoost Requirements * The device must have a storage capacity of at least 256MB * The device must support USB 2. 0 The device must support a throughput of 2. 5MB/sec for 4k random reads and 1. 75MB/sec for 512K random writes ReadyDrive * A technology included in Windows 7 that you can use to speed up the boot process, resume from hibernation state faster, and conserve battery power for mobile computers when used in conju nction with ReadyDrive capable hard drives * Relies on new hybrid hard disks, which use flash memory technology in conjunction with mechanical hard disk technology * Data is written to flash memory instead of the mechanical hard disk, saving battery power because of less read/write actions Chapter 5 (pg. 269) Installing and Updating Device Drivers The driver takes a standard instruction from the operating system and issues the command to the hardware to perform the desired function Uninstalling a device driver does not delete the driver files from the machine; uninstalling the device drivers only removes the operation system configuration for the hardware * Sigverif. exe – Will verify that all drivers on the machine are verified with signatures. SIGVERIF. TXT is the log file that it generates to * Verifier. exe – Driver Verifier Manager * Pnputil. exe – Tool to manage the driver store * –a driver file name to add driver to store * –i driver file name to install the driver –e driver file name shows all third party drivers * –d driver file name deletes a driver from the store * –f driver file name forces deletion from driver store Managing I/O Devices You can eject a device through Device and Printers, as well as through the Taskbar icon Managing Printers Removing a printer will remove the software configuration but necessarily the files (drivers and software) from the local machine * Printer pooling – Gives the IT staff the ability to configure multiple print devices (using identical drivers) to appear as one printer to connected users. The print jobs will be printed on one of the devices in the pool (first available print device prints the job). If a print device fails, the others will keep working * Printer spooling – Software components that buffers the print job until the print devices can complete it Windows XP Mode * Requirements: Windows 7 Professional, Enterprise, or Ultimate Windows Virtual PC 2007 * Requirements: * 400 MHz Pentium–compatible processor (1 GHz or faster recommended) * 35MB free disk space * Windows 7, Windows Vista with SP1 (Enterprise, Business, Ultimate), or Windows XP with SP3 The shim (known as Shim Infrastructure) is a coding fix that allows applications to function properly. It consists of application programming interface (API) hooking Overview of Internet Explorer 8 (IE8) * Accelerators – Allow you to gain access to internet services with a click. By highlighting a word within a web page and clicking the accelerator icon, you have access to a range of various services by default and can add more accelerators if desired * Managed by IE8 Tools Manage Add–ons Accelerators * Web Slices – Allows IE8 to check for updates to web page content you may frequently want to have * You can add the piece of the web page with the content you’re looking for to the new favorites bar and IE8 will check it for you and give you a visual clue when the contents changes * You can control how often IE8 checks for changes as well as have IE8 play a sound when Web Slice content is found on a page and even when an update to the content is discovered * If there is web slice content available on a web page, the green web slice icon will become active on the favorites toolbar as well as when you hover the web slice content on the page itself * Compatibility View – Displays a web page the way it would have been displayed in IE7 * Once you select this for one site, it will remember it for the next time you go there (IE Tools Compatibility View Settings) * Compatibility View Settings page has the default setting for all intranet sites to be displayed in Compatibility View * You have the choice to display all websites in Compatibility View * Domain Highlighting – Gives users more feedback about the website they’re visiting * When a user surfs to a website, they normally types in the URL in the form of www. google. com. This is displayed in the address bar of the browser, and then the user can see it during the entire browsing session * In IE8, the displayed URL is shown to the user with the domain highlighted * As users surf to other pages within the domain, the domain portion remains clear and the other text softens to grey * Scripting filter – Attempts to detect XXS attacks and disable the harmful scripts. If the user surfs to a website that has been compromised, the problem can be d etected and IE8 can modify the request, avoiding the potential risk. A message will appear on top of IE8 indicating to the user that â€Å"IE has modified this page to help prevent cross–site scripting† * SmartScreen Filtering – If an unsafe website is chosen from Microsoft’s database, IE8 will block the user’s request and present a page displaying the fact that the page has been identified as unsafe and changing the background color of the address bar to reflect the same. (This website has been reported unsafe. Disregard or go back) * InPrivate Browsing – Prevents the browsing history from being recorded nor will temporary internet files be retained. Cookies, usernames, passwords, and form data will be cleared after closing InPrivate session. Can be opened by new tab, safety start InPrivate session, and ctrl + shift + p from a normal instance * InPrivate Filtering – You are given the option to have IE8 automatically block some third–party content or choose to let the user select which third–party providers will receive the user’s browsing information * Protected Mode – Forces IE8 to run in a protected mode, isolated memory space preventing malicious code from writing data outside the Temporary Internet Files directly unless the program trying to write the information is specifically granted access by the user. Enabled by default. Turned off from security tab in IE properties Defending Against Cross–Site Scripting and Click–Jacking Cross–site scripting attacks attempt to exploit vulnerabilities that exist in the websites you use. They are set up by inserting an address to a malicious website in a link a user might click on in an email. The data in the link directs th e browser to a legitimate website that has been compromised to contain malicious code that can capture keystrokes, letting the cybercriminal capture a user’s logon credentials. Chapter 6 (pg. 335) * Local Logon Process When the user authenticates with the machine locally, it is assigned an access token Access tokens are used to identify the user and the group which associated * If group changes, user must re–log for reassignment of access token * Policy is refreshed * User Accounts in Control Panel also includes: * Change User Account Control Settings – Allows you to set the level of notification when changes are made to your computer * Manage Your Credentials – Set up credentials that allow you to easily connect to websites that require username and passwords or computer that require certificates * Link Online IDs – Allows you to link an online ID with your Windows account. This makes it easy to share files with other computers * Manage Your File Encryption Certificates – Allows you to manage file encryption certificates * Configure Advanced User Profile Properties – Brings you directly to the User’s profile dialog box * Username rules and conventions * A username must be from 1 to 20 characters * It must be unique among all other users and groups stored on the computer * Cannot contain special characters * Cannot consist exclusively of periods or spaces Username and Security Identifiers * Security settings get associated with SIDs and not user accounts, making it possible to rename an account while maintaining security settings and user properties. SIDs ensure that if you delete and re–create a user account with the same username, the new user will not have any of the properties of the old account because it’s a new SID * Users can be created through the command–line utility NET USER * Renaming an account does not rename the user’s home folder. Must be done manually * NTUSER. DAT – File that contains directory links to the user’s desktop items * NTUSER. MAN – A file that contains the mandatory profile settings * Group names must be unique to the computer, different from all other group names and usernames that exist on the computer * Group names can be up to 256 characters * SIDs are associated with user accounts along with groups as well Profiles * Roaming profiles are copied to the local machine each time the roaming profile is accessed. These profiles are stored on a network server * Mandatory profiles are profiles that cannot be modified by the user. Only members of the administrators group can manage mandatory profiles. They can modify different desktop preferences while logged on, but the changes will not be saved upon logoff. Mandatory profiles only apply to roaming profiles * Super mandatory profile – When mandatory profiles are not available, temporary profiles are created. When super mandatory profiles are configured, temporary profiles are not created when mandatory profiles are not available * When copying profiles, the Favorites, cookies, documents, start menu items, and other unique registry settings are copied * %username% can be used when setting up home folders in the Profile tab of an account properties Group Policy Objects Group Policy Result Tool (gpresult), also known as Resultant Set of Policy (RSoP) is a tool that tells you policy is applied to your machine via command–line Policies that have been linked through AD will, by default, take precedence over any established local group policy. Local group policies are typically applied to computers that are not part of a network or are in a network that does not have a DC Domain administrators can disable LGOPs by enabling the â€Å"Turn Off Local Group Policy Objects processing† domain GPO setting Comp ConfigurationAdministrative TemplatesSystemGroup Policy * GPResult Switches * /f – Forces gpresult to override the file name specified in the /x or /h command * /h – Saves the report in an HTML format * /p – Specifies the password for the given user context * /r – Displays RSoP summary data /s – Specifies the remote system to connect to * /u – Specifies the user context under which command should be executed * /v – Specifies that verbose information should be displayed * /x – Saves the report in XML format * /z – Specifies that the super verbose information should be displayed * /user – Specifies the username for which the RSoP data is to be displayed MLGPOs are applied in a certain hierarchical order: 1. Local Computer Policy – Includes computer and user settings; the other LGOPs contain only user settings. This applies to all users of the computer 2. Administrators and Non–Administrators Local Group Policy – New to vista 7. The Administrators LGOP is applied to users who are members of the built–in local Administrators group 3. User–Specific Group Policy – Makes it possible for specific policy settings to apply to a single user Setting Password Policies * Enforce Password History – Prevents users from repeatedly using the same password. Max is remember 24 passwords * Maximum Password Age – Forces users to change their password after a maximum password age is exceeded. 0 means it will never expire. Max password length is 127 characters and 999 days is the max it will hold * Minimum Password Age – Prevents users from changing their passwords several times in a rapid succession in order to defeat the purpose of Enforce Password History. Min password age can be set to 998 at the max * Minimum Password Length – Ensures that users create a password and specifies the length requirement for that password * Password Must Meet Complexity Requirements – Passwords must be six character or longer and cannot contain the user’s account name or any part of the user’s full name * English uppercase characters (A through Z) * English lowercase characters (a through z) * Decimal digits (0 through 9) * Symbols (such as ! , @, #, $, and %) * Store Passwords Using Reversible Encryption – This is required for Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) through remote access or Internet Authentication Services (IAS) and for Digital Authentication with Internet Information Services (IIS) Setting Account Lockout Policies The account lockout policies specify how many invalid logon attempts should be tolerated so that after x amount of unsuccessful logon attempts within x amount of minutes, the account will be locked out for x amount of time or until administrator unlocks it * Account Lockout Duration – Specifies how long an account will remain locked if account lockout threshold is reached. 30 minutes by default, 99,999 max. 0 means administrator have to unlock it * Account Lockout Threshold – Specifies number of invalid attempts allowed before account is locked out. Maximum is 999 attempts, minimum is 0 * Reset Account Lockout Counter After – Specifies how long counter will remember unsuccessful logon attempts Setting Audit Policies Audit policies can be implemented to track the success or failure of specified user actions such as user creation, successful and unsuccessful logon attempts Assigning User Rights User rights apply to the system. Permissions apply to specific objects Windows Defender Microsoft SpyNet is an online community that can help you find out how others respond to software that has not yet been classified by Microsoft Using BitLocker Drive Encryption BitLocker encrypts the entire system drive. New files added to this drive are encrypted automatically, and files moved from this drive to another drive or computer is decrypted automatically * Requirements * Windows 7 Enterprise or Ultimate * Trusted Platform Module (TPM) version 1. 2 or higher to store a security key. A TPM is a chip that is found in newer computers. If no hardware supports it, you can store the key on a removable USB drive * Only works on the OS drive or internal HD. Files on other types of removable drives must be encrypted using BitLocker To Go * Requires that you have a hard disk with at least two partitions with NTFS (one partition will be the system partition that will be encrypted, other will be active that is used to start the computer which is unencrypted) * If the TPM discovers a potential security risk, such as a disk error or changes made to the BIOS, hardware, system files, or startup components, the system drive will not be unlocked until you enter the 48–digit BitLocker recovery password or use a USB drive with a recovery key as a recovery agent * Must be set up within Local Group Policy editor or through the BitLocker icon in Control Panel * Can prevent any unencrypted data from being copied onto a removal disk * Manage–bde gives CLI options for managing BitLocker Encryption NTFS Permissions Traverse folders gives you the ability to access files and folders in lower subdirectories, even if you do not have permissions to access specific portions of the directory path Permissions are inherited by default in Windows 7 When an object is initially created on an NTFS partition, an associated security descriptor is created. A security descriptor contains the following information The most restrictive set of permissions wins * The user or group that owns the object * The users and groups that are allowed or denied access to the object * The users and groups whose access to the object will be audited Dir /q will display ownership of a directory from command prompt * ICACLS – Command–line utility that can also be used to display or modify user access rights * /grant – grants permission * /remove – revokes permission * /deny – Denies permission /setintegritylevel – Sets an integrity level of Low, Medium, or High Determining NTFS permissions for Copied or Moved Files * If you move a file within the same volume, it will retain NTFS permissions * If you move it to another any volume, it will treat it as a copy * If you copy a file/folder to another file/folder on the same volume, it drops permissions and inherit from destination hierarchy * If moved or copied from NTFS to FAT, it will not retain any NTFS permissions Audit Object Access * The result from this is recorded in the Security event log. It’s turned via GP Chapter 7 (pg. 427) Windows Server 2008 Active Directory Network Microsoft domains are represented as triangles * When setting up child domains, the parent and child domains already establish a trust relationship. Trust allows users to be granted access to resources in a domain even when their accounts reside in another domain * Transitive two–way trusts means all domains within the same forest automatically trust each other * There are no such thing as PDC or BDC in Server 2008 * Member Server à ¢â‚¬â€œ A server that is a member of a domain based network but does not contain a copy of Active Directory * Standalone Server – Not a member of a domain, usually used for virtualization * DNS Server – Hosts DNS services. Required for AD Forward Lookup – Hostname to IP * Reverse Lookup – IP to hostname * Can resolve IPv4 and IPv6 because of Link Local Multicast Name Resolution (LLMNR), which allows IPv6 and IPv6 hosts to perform name resolution for hosts on the same local network * DHCP Server – Runs the DHCP service that assigns TCP/IP information to computers dynamically * 169. 254. x. x means the client was not able to connect to the DHCP server, called Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) * Windows 7 clients continues to search for a DHCP server every 5 minutes * Global Catalog – A database of all AD objects without the attributes. GC pretty much indexes the AD domain. When you need to find a resource in the domain, you can search the Global Catalog to find its location Wireless Security * WPA * WPA2–Personal allows you to set up WPA2 by using a shared password key * WPA2–Enterprise allows you to set up WPA2 by using a server for verification * Cards that are compatible with 802. 11b can only connect to 802. 11b or 802. 11b/g access devices configured to accept b * Cards that are compatible with 802. 11a can only connect to 802. 11a or 802. 11a/b/g access devices configured to accept a TCP/IP * TCP/IP provides reliability by verifying that each data segment is received and passed to the application requiring the data by retransmitting lost information * TCP/IP is designed to be fault tolerant. It’s able to dynamically reroute packets if network links become unavailable (assuming alternate paths exist) * IPv6 includes IPSec, allowing a more robust network protocol * Logical and physical multihoming, enabling multiple IP addresses on a single or multiple network adapters, usually associated with routing for internetwork connectivity * Default Gateway must be configured to communicate outside of local network IPv4 Address Types * Broadcast address –Read by all hosts that hear it. Does not go across a router. 255. 255. 255. 255 * Multicast address – A special address that one or more devices will listen for by joining a multicast group. Multicast addresses usually have a value between 224 and 239 in the first octet * Unicast address – Uniquely identifies a computer or device on a network * Class Assignments * Class A supports up to 16,777,214 hosts * Class B supports up to 65,534 hosts * Class C supports up to 254 hosts * Extra ipconfig commands * /release6 – Releases an IPv6 address that has been assigned through DHCP * /renew6 – Renews an IPv6 address through DHCP * /registerdns – Refreshes DHCP leases and re–registers DNS names * /displayDNS – Displays the contents of the DNS Resolver Cache * /showclassid – List the DHCP class IDs allowed by the computer * Private Addresses * 10. 0. 0. 0 – 10. 255. 255. 255 * 172. 16. 0. 0 – 172. 31. 255. 255 * 192. 168. 0. 0 – 192. 168. 255. 255 IPv6 Global Unicast Address – IPv6 equivalent of IPv4 public addresses and are globally routable and reachable on the IPv6 Internet * Link–Local Addresses – IPv6 equivalent of IPv6 addresses allocated through APIPA * Site œLocal Addresses – IPv6 equivalent of IPv6 private addresses * Special Address – Loopback address 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or (::1) * IPv6 Multicast Address – Enables an IPv6 packet to be sent to a number of hosts, all which have the same multicast address. * IPv6 Anycast Address – Assigned to multiple interfaces. Packets sent to an anycast address are forwarded by the routing infrastructure to the nearest of these interfaces Windows Remote Management Windows Remote Management (WinRM) utility is Microsoft’s version of the WS–Management Protocol. You can use the WinRM utility on both Windows–based OSes and non–windows based OSes. It creates a WinRM exception in firewall, and creates a WinRM listener to allow incoming connections. Sets the service to start automatically * Three ways to access the WinRM utility * WinRM command–line tool * WinRM scripting objects * Windows Remote Shell command–line * Must be enabled via command line or group policy * Winrm set winrm/config/client @{TrustedHosts=†XXXX†} (needed to enable remote management via powershell) * WinRM Commands * WinRM get – Retrieves management information * WinRM set – Modifies management information WinRM create – Creates a new instance on the managed resources * WinRM delete – Removes an instance from a managed resource * WinRM enumerate – Lists all instances of a managed resource * W inRM invoke – Executes a method on a management resource * WinRM identity – Determines whether a WS–Management implementation is running on a remote machine * WinRM quickconfig – Configures a machine to accept WS–Management commands from a remote machine * WinRM configSDDL – Modifies an existing security descriptor for a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) * WinRM helpmsg – Displays error message for an error code * WinRS –r:server commands * Windows Powershell – A command–line scripting utility that allows you to remotely execute commands on a Windows 7 machine * A cmdlet is a command that is built into Windows PowerShell Understanding BranchCache, DirectAccess, and AppLocker * BranchCache – is a new technology that allows an organization with slower links between offices to cache data so downloads between offices does not have to occur each time a file is accessed. * The BranchCache – Content Retriev al (Uses HTTP) – If this rule is not available, create the rule that allows inbound and outbound traffic on TCP port 80. This rule is required for both Hosted Cache and Distributed Cache Mode * The BranchCache – Peer Discovery (Uses WSD) – If this rule is not available, create the rule that allows inbound and outbound traffic on UDP port 3702. Only used for Distributed Cache Mode * The BranchCache – Hosted Cache Client (HTTPS-OUT) – If this rule is not available, create the rule that allows outbound traffic on TCP port 443. This rule is required only when using Hosted Cache Mode * Distributed Cache Mode – All windows 7 client machines cache the files locally on the client machine * Uses inbound outbound UDP port 3702 * Supports Windows 7 Enterprise or Ultimate Must install a Server 2008 R2 content server at main office first * Clients have BranchCache installed by default but must be enabled and configured along with firewall exceptions * Hosted Mode – The cache files are cached on a local Server 2008 R2 Enterprise / Datacenter machine * Uses outbound port TCP 443 * Uses an SSL certificate during setup * Supports Windows 7 Enterprise or Ultimate * Must install a server 2008 R2 hosted cache server at main office first * When client downloads data from main cache server, the host cache server at the branch obtains a copy of the downloaded data for other users to access * Cache server must obtain a server certificate so clients in branch can identify cache servers * DirectAccess – Enables a remote user to work on their corporate network when they’re away without the need of VPN. DirectAccess connects to the corporate network automatically once connected to the internet with no user intervention * Takes place soon as a user turns on the computer, not after the logon * Supports Windows 7 Enterprise and Ultimate * Can be integrated with Network Access Protection (NAP) * Uses IPv6 * Bidirectional VPN connection * Must be added to the DirectAccess security group to connect via DirectAccess * Requires a minimum of one domain controller and one DNS server running Server 2008 SP2 or Server 2008 R2 * CA that will issue computer certificates, smart cards, or health certificates * IPSec policies to specify protection for traffic * IPv6 on the DirectAccess server that uses ISATAP, Teredo (for clients behind a NAT) , or 6to4 * AppLocker – is used to configure a Denied list nd an Allowed list for applications in Group Policy (Application Control Policies) * Provides granular application control to help prevent execution of unauthorized software * Supports Windows 7 Enterprise and Ultimate * Relies on the use of the Application Identity service * Enable the Application Identity service before configuring GPO * AppLocker Rules * Path Rule – Based on the file path * File Hash – Based on the unique file hash and used when a file is not signed * Publisher Rule – Based on digital signatures Virtualization * Hypervisor – Is a 64–bit mechanism that allows Hyper–V to run multiple virtual machines on the same physical machine. The hypervisor’s job is to create and manage partitions between virtual machines. It’s a thin software layer that sits between the virtual machine and the hardware * CTLR + ALT+ DEL = Right ALT + DEL * Full Screen = Right ALT + Enter * To release the mouse, press the right Alt key Chapter 8 (pg. 505) Windows 7 Performance Optimization Performance monitor – Used to measure the performance of a local or remote computer on the network * Create baselines * A snapshot of how your system is currently performing from the first baseline * Identify system bottlenecks * A system resource that is inefficient compared with the rest of the computer system as a whole * Determine trends With reactive management, you focus on a problem when it occurs * With proactive management, you take steps to avoid the problem before it happens * Test configuration changes or tuning efforts * Create alert thresholds Optimizing Windows 7 with Performance Monitor With performance monitor you c an do the following; * Collect data from local or remote computers concurrently * View data as it’s being collected in real time, or historically from collected data * Create HTML pages for viewing data * Determine which format the data will be viewed in – In line, histogram bar, or report views Data collector sets are used to collect data into a log so that the data can be reviewed. Data sets can collect the following data: * Performance counters – Records data about hardware usage and the activity of system services * Event trace data * System configuration information Windows 7 includes four data collector sets that are stored within the System subfolder * LAN Diagnostics * System Diagnostics – used to troubleshoot an unreliable system * System Performance – used to troubleshoot a system that’s not performing well (disk, ram network, processor) * Wireless Diagnostics Resource Monitor The resource monitor can be accessed via Performance Tab in Task Manager, in control panel, or Start All Programs Accessories System Tools Resource Monitor * Tabs Overview – Gives you a fair amount of detail in terms of a graphical representation on the right side * CPU – Displays individual process currently running on the machine as well as the process ID (PID), a brief description, the running status of the process, the number of th reads the process is running, currently CPU utilization, and average CPU utilization * Memory – Shows the process information as displayed in the CPU tab with an overview of memory allocation in the form of a graphical representation * Disk – Used to display the disk activity of your machine. Also shows a real–time graphical representation of Disk transfer in KB/sec and Disk Queue Length * Network – Shows network utilization as well as network protocol information. The items available for detailed information includes Process with Network Activity, TCP Connections, and Listening Ports as well as real–time graphical information for Network data transfer There are four main subsystems that you should monitor. You should configure counters in your data collector set for each of the following: * The memory subsystem Physical memory – The physical RAM you have installed on your computer * Page file – Logical memory that exists on your hard drive * Memory AvailableMBytes – Measures the amount of physical memory that is available to run processes on the computer – If below 20% of installed memory, indicates shortage of physical memory or app not releasing memory properly * Memory Pages/Sec – Shows the number of times the requested information was not in memory and had to be retrieved from disk – Should stay below 20, for optimal performance, it should be 4. 5. if higher than 20, consider adding memory * Paging File %Usage – Indicates the percentage of the allocated page file that is currently in use – If above 70%, consider adding more memory or increasing page file * The processor subsystem Processor bottlenecks can develop when the threads of a processor require more processing cycles than are currently available * Processor %Processor Time – Measures the time that the processor spends responding to the system requests – Should stay below 85% * Processor In terrupts/Sec – Shows average number of hardware interrupts received by the processor each second – Should stay below 3k, if above, indicates there’s hardware or program problem generating interrupts * System Processor Queue Length – Used to determine whether a processor bottleneck is due to high levels of demand for processor time * The disk subsystem * Disk access is the amount of time your disk subsystem takes to retrieve data that is requested by the OS * Physical Disk/Logical Disk % Disk Time – Shows the amount of time the disk is busy because its servicing read or write requests – If busy more than 90%, recommended adding another disk * Physical Disk / Logical Disk gt; Current Disk Queue Length – Indicate the number of outstanding disk requests that are waiting to be processed – Should stay less than 2 * Logical Disk % Free Space – Specifies how much free disk space is available – Should indicate at least 15% * The network subsystem * Network bottlenecks are indicated when network traffic exceeds the capacity that can be supported by the LAN – Typically monitored by Network Monitor solution * Network Interface Bytes Total/Sec – Measures the total number of bytes sent or received from the network interface and includes all network protocols * TCPv4 Segments/Sec – Measures the number of bytes sent or received from the network interface and only includes the TCPv4 protocol Using Reliability Monitor Reliability monitor is a new stand–alone feature in Windows 7 that provides an overview of the stability of your computer. The upper half of the graphical display indicates the relative reliability of your windows 7 machine on a scale of 1 to 10 (1 being horrible and 10 being completely reliable) * Application failures – Programs that hang or crash * Windows failures – Includes operating system and boot failures * Miscellaneous failures – Includes unexpected shutdowns * Warnings – Items that are detrimental, but not failures * Information – Informational messages that Windows 7 uses (includes recent installed applications) * Reliability History can be saved in XML format Using Windows 7 Tools to Discover System Information System Information – Shows details about hardware, software, and resources – Accessed from msinfo32 * Task Manager – Shows more information about opened applications, processes, services, performance, n etworking, and users * Set Affinity – Allows you to choose which process is operated by which processor * Performance Information and Tools – Provides a numerical score that lets you know how well your system performs * Processor, based on calculations per second * Memory (RAM), based on memory operations per second * Graphics, based on Windows Aero performance * Gaming Graphics, based on 3D graphics performance * Primary Hard Disk, based on disk transfer rate Using Event Viewer Windows 7 version of Event Viewer contains the following Windows Logs: * Application log – Used to log events relating to applications, such as whether an application, driver, or service fails * Security log – Used to log security events, such as successful or failed logon events * Setup log – Used only by domain controllers, so it doesn’t have much practical use in Windows 7 * System log – Used to log events related to the operating system and related services * Forwarded Events – Used to collect events that have been forwarded from other computers * Administrative Event view – Contains critical, error, and warnings from all logs, enabling you to easily view only the most important events Chapter 9 (pg. 559) Using Advanced Boot Options Boot Logging – Creates a log file that tracks the loading of drivers and services. When you enable this option, windows 7 loads normally and not in safe mode * Log file is written to WindowsNtbtl og. txt * Allows you to log all of the processes that take place during a normal boot sequence * Enable Low–Resolution Video (640Ãâ€"480) – Loads a standard VGA driver without restarting the computer in safe mode. This mode bails you out by loading a default driver, providing access to video so that you can properly install and test the correct driver * Safe Mode – Loads all the basic drivers f How to cite Microsoft 70-680 Study Guide, Papers